Perceived discrimination and health outcomes among middle-aged and older adults in India: results of a national survey in 2017–2018

Table 4 Associations between reasons of discrimination and selected health outcomes

Outcome variables	Attribution of discrimination	Model 1: adjusted odds ratio or IRR (95% CI)^a	Model 2: adjusted odds ratio or IRR (95% CI)^b
Mental health
Low life satisfaction	No discrimination	1 Reference	1 Reference
	Age	1.30 (1.09, 1.55)**	1.25 (1.06, 1.47)**
	Financial	2.66 (2.31, 3.06)***	2.33 (2.00, 2.72)***
	Caste	1.43 (1.12, 1.85)**	1.12 (0.85, 1.48)
	Gender	1.06 (0.71, 1.60)	0.94 (0.55, 1.63)
Depressive symptoms	No discrimination	1 Reference	1 Reference
	Age	1.91 (1.70, 2.15)***	1.72 (1.50, 1.96)***
	Financial	2.45 (2.17, 2.76)***	2.07 (1.81, 2.36)***
	Caste	1.59 (1.22, 2.07)***	1.76 (1.43, 2.17)***
	Gender	1.36 (0.90, 2.05)	1.14 (0.67, 1.94)
Physical health
Number of pain conditions	No discrimination	Reference	Reference
	Age	1.12 (1.05, 1.18)***	1.08 (1.02, 1.14)**
	Financial	1.23 (1.16, 1.31)***	1.15 (1.08, 1.23)***
	Caste	1.13 (1.01, 1.27)*	0.98 (0.91, 1.06)
	Gender	1.03 (0.91, 1.16)	1.02 (0.93, 1.12)
Functional limitations^c	No discrimination	1 Reference	1 Reference
	Age	1.39 (1.20, 1.61)***	1.23 (1.07, 1.43)**
	Financial	1.36 (1.20, 1.55)***	1.21 (1.06, 1.39)**
	Caste	1.12 (1.02, 1.23)*	1.15 (1.04, 1.28)**
	Gender	1.31 (0.74, 2.32)	1.21 (1.06, 1.39)
Health risk behaviour
Physical inactivity	No discrimination	1 Reference	1 Reference
	Age	1.54 (1.33, 1.77)***	1.47 (1.27, 1.69)***
	Financial	0.69 (0.60, 0.80)***	0.68 (0.59, 0.76)***
	Caste	0.98 (0.80, 1.18)	0.91 (0.79, 1.03)
	Gender	0.67 (0.43, 1.05)	0.68 (0.44, 1.07)

CI Confidence Interval; ***p < 0.001;**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; ^aAdjusted for age group, and sex, ^bAdjusted for age group, sex, education, marital status, subjective socioeconomic status, area of residence, caste/tribe, social participation, organised religiosity, and all health variables; ^cDifficulties with two or more Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), IRR Incident Risk Ratio

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