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Table 1 Sample characteristics among middle-aged and older adults in India, 2017–2018 (N = 72,262)

From: Perceived discrimination and health outcomes among middle-aged and older adults in India: results of a national survey in 2017–2018

Variable

Variable specification

Sample

Discrimination

Attribution of discrimination

% or M (SD)

≥1 vs 0)

Age

Financial

Other

Social and demographic factors

 Age in years

45–59

54.1

17.0

6.3

7.7

7.6

60 or more

45.9

17.6

10.8

6.4

6.4

 Sex

Female

58.0

17.0

8.2

7.2

6.9

Male

42.0

17.7

8.5

7.0

7.3

 Education

≥1 years schooling

50.5

15.1

6.5

5.8

6.4

No schooling

49.5

19.5

10.2

8.5

7.7

 Subjective socioeconomic status

Low

37.2

21.6

10.3

10.4

8.8

Medium

38.7

15.8

7.0

6.2

6.5

High

24.1

13.1

7.3

3.6

5.1

 Marital status

Not married

24.4

18.9

11.4

7.7

6.4

Married

75.6

16.8

7.3

6.9

7.2

 Caste/tribe

None of the below

24.9

14.0

7.3

5.2

5.4

Scheduled caste

8.8

19.3

8.8

9.2

8.4

Scheduled tribe

19.7

16.5

8.3

5.9

7.0

Other backward class

46.7

18.8

8.9

7.6

7.5

 Residence

Rural

68.2

18.1

8.8

7.8

7.0

Urban

31.8

15.6

7.2

5.6

7.0

 Organised religiosity (Attendance of religious services)

Not at all

25.5

15.4

7.8

5.5

6.9

1–3 times/month or ≥ 1 times/year

46.9

17.2

8.3

7.6

6.9

≥1/week or every day

27.6

19.1

8.9

7.8

7.4

 Social participation

Yes

54.4

19.4

9.1

7.9

8.3

Mental health

 Life satisfaction

Low

11.1

29.6

13.6

15.7

12.3

 Cognitive functioning

Scale (0–32): M (SD)

18.7 (5.1)

17.8 (5.2)

12.3 (5.3)

17.6 (5.1)

17.8 (5.2)

 Insomnia symptoms

Yes

12.7

26.4

13.8

11.3

9.5

 Depressive symptoms

Yes

27.6

28.9

14.3

13.3

11.8

Physical health

Any pain conditions

1 or more

65.7

19.3

9.5

8.1

7.9

  Back pain or problem

Yes

31.5

20.8

10.0

9.1

8.1

  Persistent headaches

Yes

12.8

21.9

9.5

11.1

8.6

  Painful teeth

Yes

28.4

21.5

10.4

8.7

9.7

  Pain or stiffness of joints

Yes

46.1

20.2

10.2

8.6

8.2

Any cardiovascular conditions

1 or more

46.6

16.7

8.5

6.8

6.8

  Hypertension

Yes

40.4

16.0

8.4

6.3

6.5

  Angina

Yes

8.6

19.9

8.6

9.7

7.5

  Heart disease

Yes

8.6

14.2

7.6

5.8

5.2

  Stoke

Yes

1.8

22.7

13.5

6.7

12.8

Chronic lung disease

Yes

6.3

19.7

11.5

8.3

7.3

Functional limitationsa

2 or more

28.8

22.1

11.6

8.6

9.3

Health risk behaviour

 Current tobacco smoking

Yes

30.4

19.1

9.6

8.3

7.0

 Heavy episodic drinking

Yes

2.9

24.8

13.4

10.2

11.5

 Physical inactivity

Yes

23.7

20.1

11.2

5.7

7.5

  1. aDifficulties with two or more Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)