Table 1 Characteristics of Study Participants

Falls

1975 (29.60%)

756 (26.61%)

1219 (31.82%)

< 0.001

 Indoor environmental hazards (1+ hazards)

860 (13.73%)

363 (13.86%)

496 (13.64%)

0.803

 Outdoor environmental hazards (1+ hazards)

1378 (21.88%)

574 (21.73%)

804 (21.98%)

0.816

 Age

< 0.001

  65–74

2846 (42.60%)

1286 (45.20%)

1560 (40.68%)

  75–84

2692 (40.30%)

1127 (39.61%)

1565 (40.81%)

  85+

1142 (17.10%)

432 (15.18%)

710 (18.51%)

 Non-Hispanic White

4607 (68.97%)

1988 (69.88%)

2619 (68.29%)

0.166

 Education

< 0.001

  Less than high school diploma

1694 (25.62%)

717 (25.44%)

977 (25.74%)

  High school graduate

2311 (34.95%)

827 (29.35%)

1484 (39.10%)

  Some college

1164 (17.60%)

462 (16.39%)

702 (18.50%)

  Bachelor’s degree or advanced degree

1444 (21.84%)

812 (28.81%)

632 (16.65%)

 No job or retirement (yes vs. no)

5789 (87.89%)

2361 (84.14%)

3428 (90.66%)

< 0.001

 Household income (≥ $25,000 vs. <$25,000)

3652 (54.67%)

1877 (65.98%)

1775 (46.28%)

< 0.001

 Home ownership (Own vs. rent)

5013 (76.24%)

2250 (80.21%)

2763 (73.29%)

< 0.001

 House type

< 0.001

  Single house

5043 (75.73%)

2221 (78.34%)

2822 (73.80%)

  Duplex and townhouse

538 (8.08%)

201 (7.09%)

337 (8.81%)

  Mobile home

327 (4.91%)

146 (5.15%)

181 (4.73%)

  Multi-family house

751 (11.28%)

267 (9.42%)

484 (12.66%)

 Poor health condition (yes vs. no)

456 (6.83%)

198 (6.96%)

258 (6.73%)

0.716

 Fear of falling (yes vs. no)

1862 (27.88%)

607 (21.34%)

1255 (32.72%)

< 0.001

 Balance impairment (yes vs. no)

1925 (28.83%)

685 (24.08%)

1240 (32.35%)

< 0.001

 Mobility limitation within a quarter mile (yes vs. no)

1905 (28.68%)

552 (19.47%)

1353 (35.53%)

< 0.001

 Vision impairment (yes vs. no)

557 (8.34%)

193 (6.78%)

364 (9.49%)

< 0.001

 Arthritis (yes vs. no)

3680 (55.18%)

1291 (45.44%)

2389 (62.41%)

< 0.001

 Number of medical conditions

< 0.001

  0

594 (8.98%)

316 (11.20%)

278 (7.32%)

  1

1209 (18.27%)

584 (20.70%)

625 (16.46%)

  2

1707 (25.80%)

722 (25.59%)

985 (25.95%)

  3

1523 (23.02%)

601 (21.30%)

922 (24.29%)

  4+

1584 (23.94%)

598 (21.20%)

986 (25.97%)

 Depression (Several days, more than half the days, nearly every day vs. non)

1867 (27.99%)

633 (22.29%)

1234 (32.21%)

< 0.001

 Medication use (every and most days vs. some days, rarely, and never)

1715 (25.70%)

624 (21.95%)

1091 (28.49%)

< 0.001

 Gait speed (m/s)^a

0.93 (0.39)

1.00 (0.39)

0.88 (0.38)

< 0.001

 Use of a walking aid (yes vs. no)

1867 (27.99%)

633 (22.29%)

1234 (32.21%)

< 0.001

 Frequency of going outside (5 days and more a week vs. less than 5 days a week)

5646 (84.55%)

2603 (91.53%)

3043 (79.37%)

< 0.001

 Walk for exercise (yes vs. no)

3956 (59.23%)

1804 (63.41%)

2152 (56.13%)

< 0.001