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Table 2 Subgroup analysis: effects by type of nutritional interventions on muscle mass, muscle Strength, and physical functional performance

From: Does the combination of resistance training and a nutritional intervention have a synergic effect on muscle mass, strength, and physical function in older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Subgroups

Lean body mass

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass

n

MD

95% CI

I2

Subgroup differences

n

MD

95% CI

I2

Subgroup differences

Creatine

4

2.61

0.51 ~ 4.72

9%

χ2 = 7.28 (p = .03)

–

–

–

–

χ2 = 0.62 (p = .43)

Multi-nutrients

2

0.94

−1.94 ~ 3.82

36%

2

0.39

−0.68 ~ 1.45

0%

Protein

4

−0.21

− 0.57 ~ 0.14

0%

2

−0.20

−1.23 ~ 0.82

47%

Subgroups

Hand grip strength

Knee extension strength

n

SMD

95% CI

I2

Subgroup differences

n

SMD

95% CI

I2

Subgroup differences

Creatine

–

–

–

–

χ2 = 0.12 (p = .73)

2

0.74

0.09 ~ 1.38

7%

χ2 = 4.89 (p = .09)

Multi-nutrients

2

−0.04

−0.48 ~ 0.40

21%

2

0.05

−0.36 ~ 0.46

12%

Protein

3

0.05

−0.21 ~ 0.31

0%

6

−0.02

−0.20 ~ 0.17

0%

Subgroups

Chair stand test

Timed up and go test

n

MD

95% CI

I2

Subgroup differences

n

MD

95% CI

I2

Subgroup differences

Multi-nutrients

2

0.15

−0.41 ~ 0.72

0%

χ2 = 1.05 (p = .31)

2

0.26

−0.31 ~ 0.83

32%

χ2 = 1.02 (p = .31)

Protein

3

−0.21

−0.60 ~ 0.19

0%

 

2

−0.06

−0.28 ~ 0.17

0%

Â