Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the studied population
Variable | Age<65 (n = 171) | 65 ≤ Age<75 (n = 185) | 75 ≤ Age (n = 122) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.0 ± 4.0 | 69.21 ± 2.9 | 79.8 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Age of menopause (years) | 50.66 ± 4.2 | 49.89 ± 3.0 | 50.1 ± 2.9 | 0.48 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.94 ± 3.3 | 23.99 ± 2.9 | 23.75 ± 4.1 | 0.95 |
Grip strength (kg) | ||||
 Left | 20.18 ± 3.7 | 18.74 ± 4.1 | 15.96 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
 Right | 22.88 ± 4.4 | 21.15 ± 4.0 | 18.12 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
 Gait speed (m/s) | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 1.08 ± 0.20 | 0.87 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 |
Physical exercise (%) | ||||
 No | 11.8 | 22.7 | 48.1 | 0.008 |
 Low | 39.3 | 38.8 | 36.1 | 0.65 |
 High | 48.9 | 38.5 | 15.8 | < 0.001 |
Milk consumption (%) | ||||
 No | 33.6 | 38.3 | 45.7 | 0.08 |
 Low | 34.3 | 36.4 | 38.1 | 0. 17 |
 High | 32.1 | 25.3 | 16.2 | 0.03 |
History of fragility facture (%) | 11.5 | 20.3 | 26.6 | 0.002 |
LH (lU/l) | 20.43 (15.49–24.16) | 17.45 (13.10–26.10) | 20.67 (16.15–25.25) | 0.453 |
FSH (lU/l) | 53.03 (45.73–64.53) | 49.16 (41.51–71.78) | 56.59 (50.98–80.66) | 0.174 |
E2 (pmol/l) | 40.00 (37.00–45.75) | 37.00 (37.00–46.00) | 39.00 (37.00–62.75) | 0.445 |
T2 (pg/ml) | 0.73 (0.59–0.85) | 0.67 (0.56–0.88) | 0.99 (0.66–1.20) | 0.048 |
DHEA (ng/ml) | 47.08 ± 12.3 | 40.75 ± 11.5 | 37.0 ± 11.3 | 0.009 |
PTH (pg/ml) | 38.6 (32.3–47.4) | 40.80 (34.38–47.60) | 39.9 (27.75–57.70) | 0.637 |
25OHD (ng/ml) | 19.75 (14.9–25.85) | 21.05 (15.65–27.65) | 23.90 (17.80–27.90) | 0.562 |
CTX (pg/ml) | 441.65 ± 198.1 | 365.75 ± 177.6 | 369.4 ± 187.4 | 0.07 |
PINP (ng/ml) | 48.18 ± 17.4 | 43.97 ± 16.4 | 40.1 ± 14.5 | 0.12 |
Follistatin (ng/ml) | 14.45 ± 4.9 | 15.61 ± 4.5 | 16.9 ± 4.4 | 0.19 |
Myostatin (ng/ml) | 4.08 ± 1.6 | 3.61 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 0.18 |
Oxytocin (pg/ml) | 508.10 (338.33–1245.42) | 380.92 (183.96–722.48) | 243.53 (191.99–351.53) | 0.008 |
BDNF (ng/ml) | 32.06 ± 11.2 | 29.51 ± 10.4 | 27.5 ± 11.1 | 0.33 |
BMD (g/cm2) | ||||
 total femur | 0.822 ± 0.11 | 0.765 ± 0.11 | 0.692 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
 femoral neck | 0.646 ± 0.08 | 0.612 ± 0.09 | 0.572 ± 0.12 | < 0.001 |
 lumbar spine | 0.802 ± 0.12 | 0.780 ± 0.12 | 0.751 ± 0.14 | 0.24 |
 WHR (waist/hip) | 1.09 ± 0.16 | 1.11 ± 0.14 | 1.09 ± 0.13 | 0.76 |
 Fat mass (kg) | 20.91 ± 4.5 | 20.73 ± 4.4 | 19.63 ± 5.2 | 0.50 |
 Lean mass (kg) | 38.06 ± 4.5 | 36.82 ± 3.6 | 34.24v4.4 | 0.001 |
 ASMI (kg/m2) | 6.25 ± 0.71 | 6.18 ± 0.56 | 5.92 ± 0.87 | 0.13 |