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Table 3 Test of poverty status and ethnicity on cognitive function

From: The intersectional effects of ethnicity/race and poverty on health among community-dwelling older adults within multi-ethnic Asian populace: a population-based study

Mental health outcome 1 -

Cognitive impairment (ref: no cognitive impairment)

Test of hardcore poverty statusa

Test of ethnicityb

Among hardcore poor

Among non-hardcore poor

Among Malay

Among non-Malay

 

PRc

95 % CI

PRc

95 % CI

PRc

95 % CI

PRc

95 % CI

Unadjustedd - Malay or hardcore poor (ref: non-Malay in test of hardcore poverty status and non-hardcore poor in test of ethnicity)

1.425***

1.235–2.645

1.035

0.902–1.186

1.609***

1.448–1.787

1.168

0.987–1.381

Adjustede - Malay or hardcore poor (ref: non-Malay in test of hardcore poverty status and non-hardcore poor in test of ethnicity)

1.496***

1.304–1.716

1.070

0.939–1.220

1.383***

1.249–1.532

1.015

0.849–1.212

Covariates

        

Women (ref: men)

0.984

0.858–1.129

1.162

0.993–1.361

1.063

0.963–1.172

1.067

0.875–1.302

71 years old and above (ref: 60–70 years old)

1.132*

1.005–1.275

1.124

0.978–1.292

1.188**

1.075–1.313

1.070

0.902–1.268

Not married (ref: married)

0.966

0.849 -1.100

1.125

0.956–1.323

1.098

0.989–1.220

0.976

0.797–1.195

No formal education (ref: primary education and above)

1.495***

1.311–1.704

1.552***

1.328–1.815

1.514***

1.360–1.686

1.499***

1.229–1.827

Currently not working (ref: currently working)

1.033

0.876–1.218

0.907

0.781–1.054

1.016

0.900-1.147

0.887

0.719–1.093

Living alone (ref: living with others)

1.108

0.988–1.243

1.093

0.893–1.337

0.957

0.860–1.064

1.260

1.002–1.586

  1. Note: a, ethnicity as the independent variable in the test of hardcore poverty status; b, poverty status as the independent variable in the test of ethnicity; c, PR > 1 indicate that the prevalence of cognitive impairment is higher in those with exposure; d, regression of ethnicity or poverty status (ref = non-Malay in test of hardcore poverty status and non-hardcore poor in test of ethnicity) on cognitive function (ref = no cognitive impairment) without covariates; e; regression of ethnicity or poverty status (ref = non-Malay in test of hardcore poverty status and non-hardcore poor in test of ethnicity) on cognitive function (ref = no cognitive impairment) with covariates (ref = men, 60–70 years old, married, primary education and above, currently working, and living with others); PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001