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Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects

From: Synergistic associations of visual and self-reported hearing acuity with low handgrip strength in older adults: a population-based cross-sectional study

Variables

Low handgrip strength a

 

Total

Yes

No

p- value

N

%

N

%

N

%

 

3,075

100

993

32.3

2,082

67.7

Visual acuity

      

<0.001

 Impaired b

147

4.8

87

59.2

60

40.8

 

 Moderate c

283

9.2

138

48.8

145

51.2

 

 Good d

2,645

86.0

768

29.0

1,877

71.0

 

Hearing acuity (Self-reported)

      

<0.001

 Impaired

254

8.3

137

53.9

117

46.1

 

 Moderate

551

17.9

221

40.1

330

59.9

 

 Good

2,270

73.8

635

28.0

1,635

72.0

 

Gender

      

0.722

 Male

1,370

44.6

447

32.6

923

67.4

 

 Female

1,705

55.4

546

32.0

1,159

68.0

 

Age

      

<0.001

 60~64

888

28.9

128

14.4

760

85.6

 

 65~69

745

24.2

161

21.6

584

78.4

 

 70~74

622

20.2

216

34.7

406

65.3

 

 75~

820

26.7

488

59.5

332

40.5

 

Region

      

0.006

 Rural

1,648

53.6

568

34.5

1,080

65.5

 

 Metropolitans

1,427

46.4

425

29.8

1,002

70.2

 

Educational level

      

<0.001

 Under high school

2,664

86.6

901

33.8

1,763

66.2

 

 College or above

411

13.4

92

22.4

319

77.6

 

Job

      

<0.001

 White collar

190

6.2

20

10.5

170

89.5

 

 Pink collar

256

8.3

51

19.9

205

80.1

 

 Blue collar

886

28.8

252

28.4

634

71.6

 

 None

1,743

56.7

670

38.4

1,073

61.6

 

Household income

      

<0.001

 Low

1,099

35.7

494

44.9

605

55.1

 

 Middle low

869

28.3

252

29.0

617

71.0

 

 Middle high

627

20.4

145

23.1

482

76.9

 

 High

480

15.6

102

21.3

378

78.8

 

Marriage

      

<0.001

 No

834

27.1

362

43.4

472

56.6

 

 Yes

2,241

72.9

631

28.2

1,610

71.8

 

Smoking

      

0.520

 Current

333

10.8

103

30.9

230

69.1

 

 Past 

873

28.4

272

31.2

601

68.8

 

 Never

1,869

60.8

618

33.1

1,251

66.9

 

Drink

      

<0.001

 2 ~ 4 times / week

603

19.6

182

30.2

421

69.8

 

 2 ~ 4 times / month

429

14.0

98

22.8

331

77.2

 

 Never or occasionally

2,043

66.4

713

34.9

1,330

65.1

 

Obesity Status (BMI)e

      

<0.001

 Obese (≥25)

1,152

37.5

325

28.2

827

71.8

 

 Normal or under-weight (<25)

1,923

62.5

668

34.7

1,255

65.3

 

Physical activity

      

<0.001

 Low

2,050

66.7

742

36.2

1,308

63.8

 

 High

1,025

33.3

251

24.5

774

75.5

 

Stroke

      

<0.001

 Yes

63

2.0

36

57.1

27

42.9

 

 No

3,012

98.0

957

31.8

2,055

68.2

 

Cardiovascular diseasef

      

0.125

 Yes

196

6.4

73

37.2

123

62.8

 

 No

2,879

93.6

920

32.0

1,959

68.0

 

Hypertension

      

<0.001

 Yes

1,763

57.3

635

36.0

1,128

64.0

 

 No

1,312

42.7

358

27.3

954

72.7

 

Diabetes mellitus

      

<0.001

 Yes

703

22.9

264

37.6

439

62.4

 

 No

2,372

77.1

729

30.7

1,643

69.3

 

Year

      

0.005

 2017

1,249

40.6

368

29.5

881

70.5

 

 2018

1,826

59.4

625

34.2

1,201

65.8

 
  1. a Defined as the 20th percentile of handgrip strength of the study population (<30.4kg for male and <17.7kg for female in this study)
  2. b Best corrected visual acuity in better eye < 0.5
  3. c 0.5 ≤ Best corrected visual acuity in better eye < 0.8
  4. d Best corrected visual acuity in better eye ≥ 0.8
  5. e Obesity status defined by BMI based on 2014 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea
  6. f Defined as diagnosed diseases: myocardial infarction or angina
  7. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index