Variables | Low handgrip strength a | Â | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Yes | No | p- value | ||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
 | 3,075 | 100 | 993 | 32.3 | 2,082 | 67.7 | |
Visual acuity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Impaired b | 147 | 4.8 | 87 | 59.2 | 60 | 40.8 |  |
 Moderate c | 283 | 9.2 | 138 | 48.8 | 145 | 51.2 |  |
 Good d | 2,645 | 86.0 | 768 | 29.0 | 1,877 | 71.0 |  |
Hearing acuity (Self-reported) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Impaired | 254 | 8.3 | 137 | 53.9 | 117 | 46.1 |  |
 Moderate | 551 | 17.9 | 221 | 40.1 | 330 | 59.9 |  |
 Good | 2,270 | 73.8 | 635 | 28.0 | 1,635 | 72.0 |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.722 |
 Male | 1,370 | 44.6 | 447 | 32.6 | 923 | 67.4 |  |
 Female | 1,705 | 55.4 | 546 | 32.0 | 1,159 | 68.0 |  |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 60~64 | 888 | 28.9 | 128 | 14.4 | 760 | 85.6 |  |
 65~69 | 745 | 24.2 | 161 | 21.6 | 584 | 78.4 |  |
 70~74 | 622 | 20.2 | 216 | 34.7 | 406 | 65.3 |  |
 75~ | 820 | 26.7 | 488 | 59.5 | 332 | 40.5 |  |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 Rural | 1,648 | 53.6 | 568 | 34.5 | 1,080 | 65.5 |  |
 Metropolitans | 1,427 | 46.4 | 425 | 29.8 | 1,002 | 70.2 |  |
Educational level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Under high school | 2,664 | 86.6 | 901 | 33.8 | 1,763 | 66.2 |  |
 College or above | 411 | 13.4 | 92 | 22.4 | 319 | 77.6 |  |
Job | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 White collar | 190 | 6.2 | 20 | 10.5 | 170 | 89.5 |  |
 Pink collar | 256 | 8.3 | 51 | 19.9 | 205 | 80.1 |  |
 Blue collar | 886 | 28.8 | 252 | 28.4 | 634 | 71.6 |  |
 None | 1,743 | 56.7 | 670 | 38.4 | 1,073 | 61.6 |  |
Household income | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Low | 1,099 | 35.7 | 494 | 44.9 | 605 | 55.1 |  |
 Middle low | 869 | 28.3 | 252 | 29.0 | 617 | 71.0 |  |
 Middle high | 627 | 20.4 | 145 | 23.1 | 482 | 76.9 |  |
 High | 480 | 15.6 | 102 | 21.3 | 378 | 78.8 |  |
Marriage | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 No | 834 | 27.1 | 362 | 43.4 | 472 | 56.6 |  |
 Yes | 2,241 | 72.9 | 631 | 28.2 | 1,610 | 71.8 |  |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.520 |
 Current | 333 | 10.8 | 103 | 30.9 | 230 | 69.1 |  |
 Past | 873 | 28.4 | 272 | 31.2 | 601 | 68.8 |  |
 Never | 1,869 | 60.8 | 618 | 33.1 | 1,251 | 66.9 |  |
Drink | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 2 ~ 4 times / week | 603 | 19.6 | 182 | 30.2 | 421 | 69.8 |  |
 2 ~ 4 times / month | 429 | 14.0 | 98 | 22.8 | 331 | 77.2 |  |
 Never or occasionally | 2,043 | 66.4 | 713 | 34.9 | 1,330 | 65.1 |  |
Obesity Status (BMI)e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Obese (≥25) | 1,152 | 37.5 | 325 | 28.2 | 827 | 71.8 |  |
 Normal or under-weight (<25) | 1,923 | 62.5 | 668 | 34.7 | 1,255 | 65.3 |  |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Low | 2,050 | 66.7 | 742 | 36.2 | 1,308 | 63.8 |  |
 High | 1,025 | 33.3 | 251 | 24.5 | 774 | 75.5 |  |
Stroke | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Yes | 63 | 2.0 | 36 | 57.1 | 27 | 42.9 |  |
 No | 3,012 | 98.0 | 957 | 31.8 | 2,055 | 68.2 |  |
Cardiovascular diseasef | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.125 |
 Yes | 196 | 6.4 | 73 | 37.2 | 123 | 62.8 |  |
 No | 2,879 | 93.6 | 920 | 32.0 | 1,959 | 68.0 |  |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Yes | 1,763 | 57.3 | 635 | 36.0 | 1,128 | 64.0 |  |
 No | 1,312 | 42.7 | 358 | 27.3 | 954 | 72.7 |  |
Diabetes mellitus | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Yes | 703 | 22.9 | 264 | 37.6 | 439 | 62.4 |  |
 No | 2,372 | 77.1 | 729 | 30.7 | 1,643 | 69.3 |  |
Year | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 |
 2017 | 1,249 | 40.6 | 368 | 29.5 | 881 | 70.5 |  |
 2018 | 1,826 | 59.4 | 625 | 34.2 | 1,201 | 65.8 |  |