| Frail | Non-Frail | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
n = 221 | n = 699 | ||
Rewarming method | |||
 Active external rewarming | |||
  Warmed blanket | 73 (33.6%) | 156 (22.8%) | < 0.001 |
  Forced warm air | 130 (59.9%) | 381 (55.8%) | 0.307 |
  Heating pad | 4 (1.8%) | 34 (5.0%) | 0.052 |
  Warmed bath | 4 (1.8%) | 15 (2.2%) | 1.000 |
 Active internal rewarming | |||
  Warmed fluid infusion | 144 (66.4%) | 459 (67.2%) | 0.868 |
  Lavage | 4 (1.8%) | 17 (2.5%) | 0.797 |
  Hemodialysis | 2 (0.9%) | 8 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
  Intravascular catheter | 3 (1.4%) | 14 (2.0%) | 0.775 |
  ECMO | 3 (1.4%) | 30 (4.4%) | 0.039 |
Rewarming rate (°C/h) | 0.96 (0.62–1.30) | 1.13 (0.74–1.54) | < 0.001 |