Longitudinal association between physical activity and health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older adults: a longitudinal study of Urban Health Centres Europe (UHCE)

Table 4 Multivariate linear regression models (Change in physical activity and follow-up scores of physical and mental health-related quality of life)

Change in PA	12-month follow-up Physical HRQoL score		12-month follow-up Mental HRQoL score
Change in PA	Crude Model ^a	Adjusted Model ^b	Crude Model ^c	Adjusted Model ^d
Continued regular frequency	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Continued low frequency	−6.01^***	−5.45^***	−4.75^***	− 4.10^***
Increased frequency	− 0.02	0.26	− 0.50	− 0.19
Decreased frequency	− 4.60^***	−4.42^***	− 4.15^***	−3.95^***
Adjusted R square, %	53.7	55.6	45.6	46.7

Note: Regular frequency = more than once a week; Low frequency = once a week or less; Increased frequency = from low to regular frequency; Decreased frequency = from regular to low frequency
Abbreviations: PA = physical activity; HRQoL = health-related quality of life
^a Crude Model: adjusted for country and baseline physical HRQoL score
^b Adjusted Model: adjusted for country, baseline physical HRQoL score as well as covariates including age, gender, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi-morbidity, frailty and intervention condition
^c Crude Model: adjusted for country and baseline mental HRQoL score
^d Adjusted Model: adjusted for country, baseline mental HRQoL score as well as covariates including age, gender, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi-morbidity, frailty and intervention condition
^*p < .05, ^**p < .01, ^***p < .001, significant effect estimates in bold

ISSN: 1471-2318