Serum concentration of vitamin B12 | |||||||||||||
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Variables | Low level (≤ 203 ng/mL) | Middle level (203–740 ng/mL) | High level (> 740 ng/mL) | P value | |||||||||
No. of participants | 210 | 1670 | 206 | ||||||||||
No. of death | 105 | 740 | 98 | ||||||||||
Age at baseline, Mean ± SD, years | 90.74 ± 10.54 | 87.57 ± 11.28 | 86.11 ± 11.14 | < 0.0001 a b | |||||||||
Categories, n(%) | |||||||||||||
< 80 years | 39 (18.57) | 455 (27.25) | 60 (29.13) | ||||||||||
80–89 years | 54 (25.71) | 438 (26.23) | 64 (31.07) | ||||||||||
90–99 years | 57 (27.14) | 409 (24.49) | 51 (24.76) | ||||||||||
≥ 100 years | 60 (28.57) | 368 (22.04) | 31 (15.05) | ||||||||||
Male, n(%) | 87 (41.43) | 732 (43.83) | 89 (43.20) | 0.6908 | |||||||||
Ethnicity (Han), n(%) | 168 (98.82) | 1308 (98.42) | 149 (98.03) | 0.8653 | |||||||||
Married, n(%) | 143 (68.75) | 1020 (62.50) | 123 (62.76) | 0.4669 | |||||||||
Residence, n(%) | 0.0969 | ||||||||||||
City | 7 (3.33) | 56 (3.35) | 12 (5.83) | ||||||||||
Town | 16 (7.62) | 245 (14.67) | 27 (13.11) | ||||||||||
Rural area | 187 (89.05) | 1369 (81.98) | 167 (81.07) | ||||||||||
Occupation, n(%) | 0.7919 | ||||||||||||
Farmer or manual | 174 (92.55) | 1247 (88.25) | 128 (87.07) | ||||||||||
Clerical | 9 (4.79) | 77 (5.45) | 10 (6.80) | ||||||||||
Professional | 2 (1.06) | 43 (3.04) | 5 (3.40) | ||||||||||
Others | 3 (1.60) | 46 (3.26) | 4 (2.72) | ||||||||||
Education, n(%) | 0.6738 | ||||||||||||
Illiterate | 149 (73.40) | 1073 (65.71) | 121 (60.20) | ||||||||||
Primary school | 45 (22.17) | 429 (26.27) | 61 (30.35) | ||||||||||
Middle school or above | 9 (4.43) | 131 (8.02) | 19 (9.45) | ||||||||||
Smoking status, n(%) | 0.8888 | ||||||||||||
Never | 162 (78.26) | 1255 (76.57) | 146 (73.74) | ||||||||||
Ever smoker | 16 (7.73) | 133 (8.11) | 23 (11.62) | ||||||||||
Current smoker | 29 (14.01) | 251 (15.31) | 29 (14.65) | ||||||||||
Drinking status, n(%) | 0.8806 | ||||||||||||
Never | 167 (81.07) | 1289 (78.89) | 146 (75.26) | ||||||||||
Ever drinker | 9 (4.37) | 89 (5.45) | 20 (10.31) | ||||||||||
Current drinker | 30 (14.56) | 256 (15.67) | 28 (14.43) | ||||||||||
Exercise status, n(%) | 0.7463 | ||||||||||||
Never | 172 (83.50) | 1322 (82.42) | 163 (83.59) | ||||||||||
Ever exerciser | 2 (0.97) | 42 (2.62) | 4 (2.05) | ||||||||||
Current exerciser | 32 (15.53) | 240 (14.96) | 28 (14.36) | ||||||||||
Access to medical service, yes, n(%) | 193 (93.24) | 1577 (95.75) | 188 (95.43) | 0.4252 | |||||||||
Vitamin supplementation use, n(%) | 31 (14.90) | 200 (12.14) | 25 (12.63) | 0.5460 | |||||||||
ADL score, Mean ± SD | 5.22 ± 1.66 | 5.42 ± 1.42 | 5.23 ± 1.69 | 0.0591 | |||||||||
MMSE score, Mean ± SD | 18.22 ± 10.37 | 21.49 ± 9.46 | 21.29 ± 10.17 | < 0.0001 a b | |||||||||
Physical performance score, median(IQR) | 4.50 (3.00–5.00) | 5.00 (3.50-5.00) | 4.75 (3.50-5.00) | 0.0293 a | |||||||||
Food diversity score, Mean ± SD | 4.05 ± 1.86 | 4.35 ± 1.89 | 4.39 ± 1.82 | 0.0853 | |||||||||
Social activity score, Mean ± SD | 1.91 ± 1.55 | 2.37 ± 1.68 | 2.52 ± 1.76 | 0.0003 a b | |||||||||
Chronic disease score, Mean ± SD | 0.98 ± 1.86 | 0.87 ± 1.57 | 0.87 ± 1.23 | 0.8614 | |||||||||
Hemoglobin, median(IQR), g/L | 121 (109–134) | 123 (111–136) | 123 (111–134) | 0.1517 | |||||||||
Total cholesterol, median(IQR), mmol/L | 3.89 (3.41–4.60) | 4.49 (3.91–5.16) | 4.69 (4.09–5.53) | < 0.0001 a b c | |||||||||
Triglyceride, median(IQR), mmol/L | 0.82 (0.60–1.14) | 0.91 (0.67–1.28) | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.0069 a | |||||||||
Systolic BP, Mean ± SD, mm Hg | 140.01 ± 22.66 | 143.60 ± 25.01 | 139.47 ± 22.87 | 0.0167 c | |||||||||
Diastolic BP, Mean ± SD, mm Hg | 79.39 ± 13.55 | 80.16 ± 13.57 | 77.66 ± 11.45 | 0.0360 c | |||||||||
Glucose, median(IQR), mmol/L | 4.79 (4.15–6.16) | 4.68 (4.04–5.48) | 4.79 (3.96–5.48) | 0.1471 | |||||||||
eGFR, median(IQR), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 67.05 (53.87–78.47) | 67.89 (54.43–79.42) | 68.17 (55.38–80.34) | 0.5890 |