Table 1 Cohort characteristics stratified by clinically significant pain (CSP) and no pain or non-daily mild pain (NP/NDMP) at LTC admission
From: Pain-related health care costs for long-term care residents
|  | CSPa (n = 5683) | NP/NDMPa (n = 10,898) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age in years: Mean (SD) | 85 (7.4) | 85 (7.3) | 0.205 |
Age groups (years) | |||
 65–74 | 574 (10.1) | 1089 (10.0) | 0.835 |
 75–79 | 690 (12.1) | 1413 (13) | 0.157 |
 80–84 | 1214 (21.4) | 2411 (22.1) | 0.320 |
 85–89 | 1550 (27.3) | 2897 (26.6) | 0.414 |
 90–94 | 1208 (21.3) | 2234 (20.5) | 0.310 |
 95+ | 447 (7.9) | 854 (7.8) | 0.950 |
Sex | |||
 Females | 4047 (71.2) | 6939 (63.7) |  <0.0001 |
 Males | 1636 (28.8) | 3959 (36.3) |  <0.0001 |
Location of residence | |||
 Urban | 2111 (37.2) | 4027 (36.9) |  0.845 |
 Rural | 3572 (62.9) | 6871 (63.1) |  0.881 |
Charlson comorbidity index score | Â | ||
 0 | 1551 (27.3) | 3443 (31.6) |  <0.0001 |
 1 | 1576 (27.7) | 3090 (28.5) |  0.474 |
 2 | 1027 (18.01) | 1929 (17.7) |  0.591 |
 3+ | 1529 (26.9) | 2436 (22.3) |  <0.001 |
Prior health care cost ($): | |||
 Mean (SD) | 38,815 (42,868) | 32,668 (42,826) |  <0.001 |
 Median | 25,989 | 18,798 |  |
Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) | |||
 Intact (score 0) | 836 (14.7) | 1066 (9.8) | <  0.0001 |
 Borderline intact (score 1) | 976 (17.2) | 1343 (12.3) | <  0.0001 |
 Mild impairment (score 2) | 1004 (17.7) | 1879 (17.2) | 0.533 |
 Moderate (score 3) | 1605 (28.2) | 3718 (34.1) | <  0.0001 |
 Moderate/Severe impairment (score 4) | 216 (3.8) | 656 (6.0) | <  0.0001 |
 Severe impairment (score 5) | 517 (9.1) | 1349 (12.4) | <  0.0001 |
 Very severe impairment (score 6) | 99 (1.7) | 173 (1.6) | 0.416 |
 Missing | 430 (7.6) | 714 (6.6) | 0.018 |
CHESS Scale | |||
 0 | 1996 (35.1) | 5115 (46.9) | <  0.0001 |
 1 | 1608 (28.3) | 2707 (24.8) | <  0.0001 |
 2 | 1073 (18.9) | 1666 (15.3) | <  0.0001 |
 3–5 | 573 (10.1) | 676 (6.2) | <0.001 |
 Missing | 433 (7.6) | 734 (6.7) | 0.042 |
ADL: Mean (SD) | 12.19 (8.0) | 9.99 (7.6) | 0.280 |
ADL categories | |||
 0–7 | 1736 (30.6) | 4562 (41.9) | <  0.0001 |
 8–14 | 1425 (25.1) | 2767 (25.4) | 0.702 |
 15–21 | 1267 (22.3) | 1866 (17.1) | <  0.0001 |
 22–28 | 825 (14.5) | 989 (9.1) | <0.0001 |
 Missing | 430 (7.8) | 714 (6.6) | 0.018 |
Long term care facility type | |||
 Integrated | 5121 (90.1) | 9918 (91.0) |  0.565 |
 Special Care Home | 266 (4.7) | 459 (4.2) |  0.171 |
 Hospital/Special Care Home | 296 (5.2) | 521 (4.8) |  0.239 |