Table 1 Baseline characteristics
|  | Full cohort (n = 113) | Active cohort (n = 55) | Inactive cohort (n = 58) |
|---|---|---|---|
BI scores (mean ± SD) | 73.5 ± 29.3 | 78.0 ± 26.3 | 68.4 ± 31.7 |
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 84.3 ± 7.0 | 81.8 ± 6.7 | 86.7 ± 6.5 |
Male (n (%)) | 32 (28.3) | 15 (27.3) | 17 (29.3) |
Marital status (n (%)) | |||
 Married | 17 (15.0) | 13 (23.6) | 4 (6.9) |
 Divorced | 12 (10.6) | 9 (16.4) | 3 (5.2) |
 Widowed | 69 (61.1) | 30 (54.6) | 39 (67.2) |
 Single | 13 (11.5) | 2 (3.6) | 11 (19.0) |
 NA | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.7) |
Religion (n (%)) | |||
 Buddhism | 8 (7.1) | 4 (7.3) | 4 (6.9) |
 Catholic | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.7) |
 Christian | 7 (6.19) | 2 (3.6) | 5 (8.6) |
 Taoism | 2 (1.8) | 2 (3.6) | – |
 None | 55 (48.7) | 28 (50.9) | 27 (23.9) |
 NA | 39 (34.5) | 18 (32.7) | 21 (18.6) |
Education (n (%)) | |||
 None | 21 (18.6) | 16 (29.1) | 5 (8.6) |
 Primary | 11 (9.7) | 9 (16.4) | 2 (3.4) |
 Secondary | 2 (1.8) | 2 (3.6) | 0 (0) |
 Junior High | 33 (29.2) | 11 (20.0) | 22 (46.6) |
 Senior High | 24 (21.2) | 6 (10.9) | 18 (31.0) |
 College | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.8) | – |
 Graduated University | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.8) | – |
 NA | 20 (17.7) | 9 (16.4) | 11 (19.0) |
Living arrangement (n (%)) | |||
 Living with spouse | 4 (3.5) | 3 (5.5) | 1 (1.7) |
 Living with children | 23 (20.4) | 13 (23.6) | 10 (17.2) |
 Living with other relatives | 5 (4.4) | 2 (3.6) | 3 (5.2) |
 Living with others | 43 (38.1) | 23 (41.8) | 20 (34.5) |
 Living alone | 22 (19.5) | 8 (14.6) | 14 (24.1) |
 NA | 16 (14.2) | 6 (10.9) | 10 (17.2) |
Hobby (n (%)) | |||
 Travel | 26 (23.0) | 13 (23.6) | 13 (22.4) |
 Reading | 19 (16.8) | 11 (20.0) | 8 (13.8) |
 Partying | 62 (54.9) | 21 (38.2) | 41 (36.28) |
 Outside | 64 (56.6) | 31 (56.4) | 33 (29.2) |
 Mahjong | 13 (11.5) | 7 (12.7) | 6 (10.3) |
 TV | 70 (62.0) | 33 (60.0) | 37 (22.4) |
 Teamwork | 34 (30.1) | 14 (25.5) | 20 (34.5) |
 Gambling | 8 (7.1) | 3 (5.5) | 5 (8.6) |
 Sports | 21 (18.6) | 10 (18.2) | 11 (19.0) |
 Smoking | 10 (8.9) | 2 (3.64) | 8 (7.08) |
 Weaving | 3 (2.7) | 2 (3.64) | 1 (1.7) |
Disease (n (%)) | |||
 Hypertension | 83 (73.5) | 42 (76.4) | 41 (70.7) |
 Cataract | 61 (54.0) | 28 (50.9) | 33 (56.9) |
 Dementia | 43 (38.1) | 13 (23.6) | 30 (51.7) |
 Diabetes Mellitus | 39 (34.5) | 19 (34.6) | 20 (34.5) |
 Anaemia | 36 (31.9) | 8 (14.6) | 28 (48.3) |
 Pneumonia | 33 (29.2) | 13 (23.6) | 20 (34.5) |
 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) | 21 (18.6) | 8 (14.6) | 13 (22.4) |
 Stroke | 16 (14.2) | 11 (20.0) | 5 (8.6) |
 Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | 14 (12.4) | 6 (10.9) | 8 (13.8) |
 Atrial Fibrillation (AF) | 14 (12.4) | 6 (10.9) | 8 (13.8) |
 Depression | 13 (11.5) | 6 (10.9) | 7 (12.1) |
 Heart Failure | 13 (11.5) | 1 (1.8) | 12 (20.7) |
 Gastritis | 12 (10.6) | 4 (7.3) | 8 (13.8) |
 Parkinson | 9 (8.0) | 3 (5.5) | 6 (10.3) |
 Alzheimer | 8 (7.1) | 2 (3.6) | 6 (10.3) |
 Traumatic | 6 (5.3) | 3 (5.5) | 3 (5.2) |
 Sclerosis | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.7) |