Table 1 Participant characteristics at baseline
Characteristics | Men (n = 159) | Women (n = 230) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
65–69 | 39 (24.5%) | 58 (25.2%) | 0.9955 |
70–79 | 83 (52.2%) | 117 (50.9%) | |
80–89 | 35 (22.0%) | 52 (22.6%) | |
90–99 | 2 (1.3%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
Baseline HDS-R score | |||
≥ 26 | 126 (79.3%) | 195 (84.8%) | 0.1575 |
21–25 | 33 (20.8%) | 35 (15.2%) | |
Area of residence | |||
Heisei-cho | 40 (25.2%) | 63 (27.4%) | 0.8174 |
Matto | 67 (42.1%) | 98 (42.6%) | |
Katakai | 52 (32.7%) | 69 (30.0%) | |
Family environment | |||
Living with family | 153 (96.2%) | 206 (89.6%) | 0.0155 |
Living alone | 6 (3.8%) | 24 (10.4%) | |
Job status | |||
Employed | 84 (52.8%) | 52 (22.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Unemployed/retired | 75 (47.2%) | 178 (77.4%) | |
History of hypertension | |||
Absent | 82 (51.6%) | 116 (50.4%) | 0.8254 |
Present | 77 (48.4%) | 114 (49.6%) | |
History of cerebrovascular disease | |||
Absent | 150 (94.3%) | 224 (97.4%) | 0.1244 |
Present | 9 (5.7%) | 6 (2.6%) | |
History of diabetes | |||
Absent | 146 (91.8%) | 210 (91.3%) | 0.8565 |
Present | 13 (8.2%) | 20 (8.7%) | |
Alcohol consumptiona(gou/wk) | |||
Non-drinker | 41 (25.8%) | 167 (72.6%) | < 0.0001 |
< 7 | 21 (13.2%) | 37 (16.1%) | |
7–13 | 36 (22.6%) | 22 (9.6%) | |
14–20 | 41 (25.8%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
≥ 21 | 20 (12.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
Smoking | |||
Non-smoker | 53 (33.3%) | 224 (97.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Past smoker | 60 (37.7%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
Current smoker | 46 (28.9%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
Bedtime | |||
-8:59 p.m. | 27 (17.0%) | 18 (7.8%) | < 0.0001 |
9:00–9:59 p.m. | 62 (39.0%) | 54 (23.5%) | |
10:00–10:59 p.m. | 39 (24.5%) | 79 (34.3%) | |
11:00 p.m.- | 31 (19.5%) | 79 (34.3%) | |
Duration of nighttime sleep (hr) | |||
< 6 | 23 (14.5%) | 48 (20.9%) | 0.1437 |
6–6.9 | 38 (23.9%) | 65 (28.3%) | |
7–7.9 | 52 (32.7%) | 73 (31.7%) | |
8–8.9 | 35 (22.0%) | 32 (13.9%) | |
≥ 9 | 11 (6.9%) | 12 (5.2%) | |
Duration of daytime nap (min) | |||
0 | 52 (32.7%) | 101 (43.9%) | 0.0098 |
1–29 | 35 (22.0%) | 63 (27.4%) | |
30–59 | 39 (24.5%) | 35 (15.2%) | |
≥ 60 | 33 (20.8%) | 31 (13.5%) | |