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Table 2 Associations between objective measures of physical function and functional disability

From: Potential utility of physical function measures to improve the risk prediction of functional disability in community-dwelling older Japanese adults: a prospective study

No. of events/subjects

Incidence rate per 1000 person-years

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

HRs (95 % CIs)

p value

HRs (95 % CIs)

p value

HR (95 % CI)

p value

Maximum gait speed, m/sec

  Q1 (lowest)

175/395

79.7

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Q2

97/391

37.8

0.63 (0.49–0.81)

0.0003

0.66 (0.51–0.86)

0.002

0.67 (0.52–0.87)

0.003

  Q3

75/404

26.5

0.56 (0.42–0.75)

< 0.0001

0.64 (0.48–0.85)

0.003

0.70 (0.52–0.94)

0.02

  Q4 (highest)

37/401

12.5

0.33 (0.22–0.48)

< 0.0001

0.40 (0.27–0.59)

< 0.0001

0.49 (0.33–0.73)

0.0004

p for trend

   

< 0.0001

 

< 0.0001

 

0.0008

  Per 1 SD increment

  

0.69 (0.61–0.77)

< 0.0001

0.73 (0.65–0.83)

< 0.0001

0.81 (0.71–0.92)

0.001

One-leg standing time, sec

  Q1 (lowest)

161/397

70.5

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Q2

131/398

52.3

1.05 (0.83–1.34)

0.67

1.06 (0.84–1.36)

0.62

1.16 (0.91–1.49)

0.22

  Q3

55/318

24.6

0.60 (0.43–0.83)

0.002

0.67 (0.49–0.93)

0.02

0.78 (0.56–1.09)

0.14

  Q4 (highest)

37/478

10.5

0.36 (0.24–0.53)

< 0.0001

0.41 (0.28–0.61)

< 0.0001

0.51 (0.34–0.77)

0.001

  p for trend

   

< 0.0001

 

< 0.0001

 

0.001

  Per 1 SD increment

  

0.64 (0.55–0.73)

< 0.0001

0.68 (0.59–0.79)

< 0.0001

0.74 (0.63–0.86)

< 0.0001

Handgrip strength, kg

  Q1 (lowest)

149/377

69.0

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Q2

116/359

50.5

0.94 (0.74–1.21)

0.63

1.02 (0.79–1.30)

0.89

1.13 (0.88–1.46)

0.33

  Q3

71/393

26.3

0.63 (0.47–0.85)

0.0024

0.73 (0.54–0.98)

0.04

0.85 (0.62–1.15)

0.29

  Q4 (highest)

48/462

14.2

0.45 (0.31–0.64)

< 0.0001

0.53 (0.37–0.76)

0.0005

0.69 (0.48–0.997)

0.048

  p for trend

   

< 0.0001

 

0.0003

 

0.047

  Per 1 SD increment

  

0.64 (0.53–0.76)

< 0.0001

0.72 (0.59–0.86)

0.0005

0.83 (0.68–1.01)

0.07

  1. Note: Model 1 is adjusted for sex and age
  2. Model 2 is adjusted for sex, age, living alone, body mass index, multimorbidity, fall experience in the past year, cognitive impairment, smoking, drinking, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
  3. Model 3 is adjusted for variables in model 2 plus the other physical function measures
  4. The sex-specific quartile cut points were: gait speed, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.1 m/sec for men, and 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 m/sec for women; one-leg standing time, 17.3, 48.8, and 120 s for men, and 12.5, 38.1, and 120 s for women; handgrip strength, 32.0, 36.0, and 40.0 kg for men, and 20.5, 23.0, and 26.0 kg for women
  5. HRs hazard ratios; CIs confidence intervals
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