Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study population

Age, years

80.6 ± 7.6

79.1 ± 7.3

82.5 ± 7.7

< 0.001*

Male, n (%)

210 (69)

125 (71.4)

85 (65.4)

0.260

Education, years

14.0 ± 3.6

14.8 ± 3.0

13.0 ± 4.0

< 0.001*

BMI, kg/m²

24.3 ± 3.6

24.5 ± 3.6

23.9 ± 3.6

0.150

Smoking, n (%)

31 (10.2)

17 (9.8)

14 (10.8)

0.124

Hypertension, n (%)

242 (79)

136 (77.7)

106 (81.5)

0.415

Diabetes, n (%)

120 (39.3)

67 (38.3)

53 (40.8)

0.661

FG, mmol/L

5.7 ± 1.8

5.5 ± 1.3

6.1 ± 2.3

0.016*

HgB

130.1 ± 15.7

132.0 ± 15.0

127.6 ± 16.3

0.015*

ALB

37.5 ± 4.5

38.5 ± 4.3

36.2 ± 4.5

< 0.001*

HbA1c, %

6.1 ± 1.6

5.9 ± 1.0

6.0 ± 1.1

0.168

Cr, mmol/l

75.5 (25.2–205.4)

73.5 (25.5–166.9)

79.8 (34.8–205.4)

0.021*

eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²

77.7 (17.3–113.9)

79.2 (32.6–113.9)

72.1 (17.3–101.8)

< 0.001*

TC, mmol/L

4.0 ± 1.1

4.0 ± 0.9

4.1 ± 1.3

0.541

TG, mg/dL

1.3 ± 0.8

1.3 ± 0.9

1.2 ± 0.7

0.638

HDL-C, mg/dL

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

0.634

LDL-C, mg/dL

2.4 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 1.0

0.478

Antiplatelet, n (%)

109 (35.7)

62 (35.4)

47 (36.2)

0.896

Statin, n (%)

151 (46.5)

93 (53.1)

58 (44.6)

0.141

ACEI/ARB, n (%)

126 (41.3)

72 (41.1)

54 (41.5)

0.945

CCB, n (%)

263 (43)

69 (39.4)

52 (40)

0.920

beta-blocker, n (%)

92 (30.2)

54 (30.9)

38 (29.2)

0.760

WMH

2 (0–3)

1 (0–3)

2 (0–3)

< 0.001*

LCI

1.64 ± 2.66

1.52 ± 0.71

1.88 ± 0.81

0.019*

MMSE

25.55 ± 4.81

28.66 ± 1.05

21.36 ± 4.72

< 0.001*