Table 3 Relationship between the increase in net cardiopulmonary metabolic energy cost and changes in the percentage of MVC of the lower limb muscles during inclined treadmill walking

From: Correlation between cardiopulmonary metabolic energy cost and lower-limb muscle activity during inclined treadmill gait in older adults

Muscle	Stance phase					Swing phase
Muscle	ß	Std. Error	t	p	R²	ß	Std. Error	t	p	R²
RA	0.206	0.037	2.156	0.035^*	0.377	0.084	0.047	0.820	0.415	0.377
ES	0.036	0.034	0.324	0.747	0.362	0.127	0.026	1.142	0.258	0.373
RF	0.164	0.026	1.648	0.104	0.395	0.121	0.029	1.202	0.234	0.384
VM	0.330	0.027	3.558	0.001^**	0.469	0.108	0.035	1.085	0.282	0.381
BF	−0.088	0.030	−0.805	0.424	0.371	0.048	0.029	0.464	0.644	0.373
TA	0.017	0.055	0.159	0.874	0.378	0.018	0.030	0.181	0.857	0.378
GCM	0.318	0.028	3.216	0.002^*	0.466	0.219	0.029	2.321	0.023^*	0.417
SOL	0.375	0.030	3.774	0.000^***	0.480	0.159	0.030	1.640	0.106	0.395

RA rectus abdominis, ES erector spinae, RF rectus femoris, BF biceps femoris, VM vastus medialis, TA tibialis anterior, GCM medial head of the gastrocnemius, SOL soleus
^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

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