Outcome | Definition | Methods |
---|---|---|
Primary outcome (composite outcome) | ||
 Poor clinical outcome | UTI recurrence, acute care hospitalization or ED visit, adverse drug event, CDI, or death | Each individual clinical outcome defined as below. |
Secondary outcomes (individual poor clinical outcomes) | ||
 UTI recurrence | Subsequent UTI after the first incident UTI | UTI recurrences were identified using the same methods to identify the first incident UTI. Required urine culture collection and an antibiotic given on the culture collection date or within 3 days after culture collection. |
 Acute care hospitalization or ED visit | Any admission to an acute care unit or ED within 30 days of end of antibiotic treatment, except for those for an elective hip or knee procedure | VA hospitalizations were captured using VA inpatient admission data. VA ED visits were captured using VA outpatient visit data. Non-VA hospitalizations and ED visits VA Fee basis files were captured using VA Fee basis files. ICD-9 or 10 procedure codes were used to identify elective hip or knee procedures (see supplement for codes). |
 Antibiotic related adverse drug events | Diagnosis of an antibiotic related adverse drug event | Previously published ICD-9 or 10 lists were used to identify antibiotic related adverse drug events (see supplement for codes) [29, 30]. |
 CDI | Laboratory evidence of CDI or diagnosis of CDI | Positive stool sample for C. difficile toxin(s) or ICD-9 or 10 diagnosis code for CDI (008.45, A04.71, A04.72) [31, 32]. |
 All-cause mortality | Death due to any cause | The Vital Status Mini File was used to confirm date of death. |