Table 6 Robustness check (estimation with different frailty thresholds)
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
Admitted to hospital overnight in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 4.8 (− 0.9–10.4) [0.191] | 4.9 (− 0.9–10.7) [0.184] | 4.9 (−0.8–10.7) [0.181] | 5.3 (− 0.9–11.4) [0.172] |
Frail | 6.5 (− 1.2–14.1) [0.161] | 6.7 (− 1.2–14.5) [0.159] | 7.4 (− 1.4–16.2) [0.157] | 7.4 (− 1.6–16.4) [0.164] |
General practitioner in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) [0.094] | 1.5 (1.0–1.9) [0.062] | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) [0.033] | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) [0.017] |
Frail | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) [0.002] | 2.1 (1.4–2.8) [0.001] | 2.2 (1.5–2.9) [0.001] | 2.2 (1.4–2.9) [0.002] |
Consulted a specialist doctor in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.1 (0.7–3.5) [0.124] | 2.2 (0.8–3.7) [0.094] | 2.3 (0.9–3.8) [0.078] | 2.3 (0.9–3.8) [0.076] |
Frail | 2.6 (0.9–4.2) [0.066] | 2.4 (0.8–4.1) [0.078] | 2.3 (0.7–3.8) [0.105] | 2.3 (0.7–3.9) [0.118] |
Self-medication in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) [0.018] | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) [0.012] | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) [0.010] | 1.7 (1.2–2.1) [0.006] |
Frail | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) [0.005] | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) [0.006] | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) [0.006] | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) [0.020] |
Traditional practitioner in last 12 months | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.8 (0.6–2.9) [0.197] | 1.8 (0.6–2.9) [0.187] | 2.0 (0.7–3.2) [0.125] | 2.3 (0.9–3.6) [0.073] |
Frail | 3.2 (1.2–5.1) [0.032] | 3.5 (1.3–5.7) [0.026] | 3.7 (1.3–6.1) [0.025] | 3.4 (1.2–5.7) [0.033] |
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
Number of times being admitted to hospital overnight in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.8 (0.0–5.7) [0.201] | 3.1 (0.0–6.2) [0.180] | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) [0.184] | 3.3 (0.1–6.6) [0.162] |
Frail | 5.4 (− 0.1–10.9) [0.119] | 5.7 (− 0.1–11.6) [0.115] | 6.6 (− 0.3–13.5) [0.113] | 7.2 (− 0.5–14.8) [0.114] |
Number of times consulting a general practitioner in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.8 (0.9–2.7) [0.093] | 1.8 (0.9–2.7) [0.074] | 1.9 (1.0–2.8) [0.059] | 1.9 (1.0–2.8) [0.048] |
Frail | 2.2 (1.1–3.3) [0.029] | 2.3 (1.1–3.4) [0.029] | 2.3 (1.1–3.5) [0.030] | 2.4 (1.1–3.7) [0.033] |
Number of times consulting a specialist doctor in last 12 months (with zeros) | ||||
Pre-frail | 6.0 (0.8–11.2) [0.058] | 6.0 (1.0–11.1) [0.052] | 6.9 (1.1–12.6) [0.044] | 6.7 (1.0–12.3) [0.049] |
Frail | 7.4 (0.7–14.1) [0.062] | 7.6 (0.6–14.6) [0.066] | 6.6 (0.2–12.9) [0.085] | 7.6 (0.2–15.0) [0.082] |
Cost variables with tobit model | ||||
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
In the past month, how much did you spend on consulting costs? | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.9 (0.2–5.7) [0.039] | 3.0 (0.3–5.7) [0.030] | 3.3 (0.6–5.9) [0.015] | 3.5 (1.0–6.1) [0.007] |
Frail | 5.2 (2.6–7.9) [< 0.001] | 5.6 (2.9–8.4) [< 0.001] | 6.0 (3.2–8.8) [< 0.001] | 6.4 (3.5–9.4) [< 0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on medications (drugs)? | ||||
Pre-frail | 2.9 (0.6–5.3) [0.016] | 3.2 (0.9–5.5) [0.007] | 3.7 (1.5–6.0) [0.001] | 3.9 (1.7–6.1) [0.001] |
Frail | 5.9 (3.6–8.2) [< 0.001] | 6.2 (3.9–8.5) [< 0.001] | 6.2 (3.7–8.6) [< 0.001] | 6.8 (4.3–9.3) [< 0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on hospitalisation expenses? | ||||
Pre-frail | 4.7 (− 4.3–13.7) [0.306] | 4.9 (− 3.8–13.6) [0.273] | 4.3 (− 4.2–12.8) [0.322] | 6.4 (− 1.9–14.7) [0.128] |
Frail | 8.6 (0.2–17.0) [0.044] | 9.2 (0.6–17.7) [0.035] | 11.1 (2.6–19.7) [0.011] | 8.3 (− 1.2–17.9) [0.087] |
In the past month, total health expenditures | ||||
Pre-frail | 3.7 (1.4–5.9) [0.001] | 3.8 (1.6–6.0) [0.001] | 4.2 (2.1–6.3) [< 0.001] | 4.5 (2.3–6.6) [< 0.001] |
Frail | 6.1 (3.9–8.3) [< 0.001] | 6.4 (4.2–8.6) [< 0.001] | 6.5 (4.2–8.8) [< 0.001] | 6.9 (4.5–9.3) [< 0.001] |
Cost variables with two-part model | ||||
PR (95% CI) [p-val.] | ||||
Threshold at 0.25 | Threshold at 0.31 | Threshold at 0.35 | Threshold at 0.41 | |
In the past month, how much did you spend on consulting costs? | ||||
Pre-frail | 1.2 (− 3.4–5.8) [0.609] | 2.7 (− 2.3–7.6) [0.288] | 3.4 (− 1.2–8.5) [0.204] | 3.6 (− 1.5–8.7) [0.163] |
Frail | 7.1 (0.8–13.3) [0.027] | 6.5 (− 0.3–13.3) [0.061] | 6.0 (− 1.4–13.5) [0.114] | 6.3 (− 1.7–14.4) [0.124] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on medications (drugs)? | ||||
Pre-frail | −0.6 (− 4.9–3.7) [0.792] | 0.1 (− 4.3–4.5) [0.955] | 1.0 (− 3.3–5.3) [0.646] | 3.0 (− 1.7–7.7) [0.208] |
Frail | 10.3 (4.9–15.7) [< 0.001] | 11.5 (5.7–17.4) [< 0.001] | 13.7 (7.1–20.3) [< 0.001] | 13.2 (5.4–21.1) [0.001] |
In the past month, how much did you spend on hospitalisation expenses? | ||||
Pre-frail | 4.2 (−3.3–11.7) [0.274] | 4.0 (− 2.7–10.7) [0.243] | 3.1 (− 1.8–8.0) [0.214] | 6.5 (−3.3–16.3) [0.191] |
Frail | 8.7 (− 4.5–21.8) [0.197] | 10.2 (− 5.7–26.1) [0.208] | 13.6 (− 7.0–34.3) [0.196] | 6.9 (− 6.3–20.2) [0.306] |
In the past month, total health expenditures | ||||
Pre-frail | −5.7 (−22.7–11.2) [0.510] | −2.9 (− 20.1–14.3) [0.743] | −0.7 (− 19.2–17.8) [0.939] | 5.7 (− 15.0–26.4) [0.588] |
Frail | 21.9 (0.4–43.3) [0.046] | 25.1 (1.7–48.5) [0.035] | 28.4 (1.0–55.7) [0.042] | 15.5 (− 12.4–43.5) [0.277] |