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Table 2 Participant characteristics by frailty status

From: Association of frailty with health service utilisation and health care expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Côte d’Ivoire

 

Robust (< 0.10)

Pre-Frail (0.10–0.21)

Frail (> 0.21)

n = 148

n = 196

n = 516

n.

%

n

%

p value†

n

%

p value ‡

Sex

 Male

108

22.0

129

26.3

0.117

254

51.7

<  0.001

 Female

40

10.8

67

18.2

0.005

262

71.0

<  0.001

Health insurance

 Yes

20

23.3

30

34.9

0.093

36

41.9

0.009

 No

128

16.5

166

21.4

0.014

480

62.0

<  0.001

Age groups

 50–54

42

19.8

55

26.0

0.133

115

54.2

<  0.001

 55–59

42

20.9

56

27.9

0.104

103

51.2

<  0.001

 60–64

35

20.7

33

19.5

0.786

101

59.8

<  0.001

 65–69

15

11.4

27

20.4

0.044

90

68.2

<  0.001

 70–74

8

13.8

14

24.1

0.155

36

62.1

<  0.001

 75–79

2

5.3

5

13.1

0.234

31

81.6

<  0.001

 80 +

4

8.0

6

12.0

0.505

40

80.0

<  0.001

Area of residence

 Rural

104

16.5

140

22.2

0.010

387

61.3

<  0.001

 Urban

44

19.2

56

24.5

0.175

129

56.3

<  0.001

Location

 South

41

11.2

74

20.2

<  0.001

251

68.6

<  0.001

 Centre

107

21.7

122

24.7

0.258

265

53.6

<  0.001

Education level

 Not schooled

42

12.5

56

16.8

0.126

237

70.7

<  0.001

 Primary

32

14.7

51

23.5

0.020

134

61.8

<  0.001

 High school

52

21.0

69

27.8

0.076

127

51.2

<  0.001

 University

22

36.7

20

33.3

0.702

18

30.0

0.439

Employment status

 Employed

96

20.8

114

24.8

0.158

251

54.4

<  0.001

 Unemployed

3

17.6

3

17.7

1.000

11

64.7

0.005

 House worker

18

12.8

29

20.5

0.079

94

66.7

<  0.001

 Out of labour force

31

12.9

50

20.7

0.021

160

66.4

<  0.001

Marital status

 Not married

21

22.1

25

26.3

0.498

49

51.6

<  0.001

 In couple**

106

19.3

134

24.5

0.041

308

56.2

<  0.001

 Divorced

8

19.0

8

19.1

1.000

26

61.9

<  0.001

 Widowed

13

7.4

29

16.6

0.009

133

76.0

<  0.001

  1. †Pre-Frail vs. Robust; ‡ Frail vs. Robust; ** means living with a partner, with or without formal marriage