Table 2 Bivariate analysis showing the association of bio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics in round-I with the acquiring and recovery from disability in round-II respectively among panel data of older adults (60 + years) in India
Characteristics | Change in disability status during round-II | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Disability acquired | Â | Total | Disability recovered | |||||
N | N | % | ✗2 tests |  | N | N | % | ✗2 tests | |
Gender of individual | |||||||||
Male | 4,654 | 1,440 | 30.9 | ✗2 = 59.56; p-value = 0.001 |  | 422 | 201 | 47.6 | ✗2 = 0.32; p-value = 0.568 |
Female | 4,879 | 1,877 | 38.5 | Â | 572 | 262 | 45.8 | ||
Age-group (in years) | |||||||||
60–69 | 6,755 | 2,102 | 31.1 | ✗2 = 152.14; p-value = 0.001 |  | 588 | 303 | 51.5 | ✗2 = 14.85; p-value = 0.001 |
70–79 | 2,331 | 985 | 42.3 |  | 332 | 134 | 40.4 | ||
80+ | 447 | 230 | 51.5 | Â | 74 | 26 | 35.1 | ||
Had Cardiovascular diseases | |||||||||
No | 9,400 | 3,263 | 34.7 | ✗2 = 2.00; p-value = 0.157 |  | 952 | 448 | 47.1 | ✗2 = 2.08; p-value = 0.149 |
Yes | 133 | 54 | 40.6 | Â | 42 | 15 | 35.7 | ||
Had Hypertension | |||||||||
No | 9,030 | 3,115 | 34.5 | ✗2 = 6.73; p-value = 0.009 |  | 825 | 389 | 47.2 | ✗2 = 0.64; p-value = 0.424 |
Yes | 503 | 202 | 40.2 | Â | 169 | 74 | 43.8 | ||
Had Diabetes | |||||||||
No | 9,276 | 3,217 | 34.7 | ✗2 = 1.97; p-value = 0.160 |  | 896 | 424 | 47.3 | ✗2 = 2.01; p-value = 0.156 |
Yes | 257 | 100 | 38.9 | Â | 98 | 39 | 39.8 | ||
Had Respiratory illnesses | |||||||||
No | 9,290 | 3,227 | 34.7 | ✗2 = 0.55; p-value = 0.457 |  | 935 | 438 | 46.8 | ✗2 = 0.45; p-value = 0.504 |
Yes | 243 | 90 | 37.0 | Â | 59 | 25 | 42.4 | ||
Had Cataract | |||||||||
No | 9,346 | 3,231 | 34.6 | ✗2 = 10.53; p-value = 0.001 |  | 867 | 408 | 47.1 | ✗2 = 0.63; p-value = 0.429 |
Yes | 187 | 86 | 46.0 | Â | 127 | 55 | 43.3 | ||
Had Any other chronic illnesses | |||||||||
No | 9,160 | 3,159 | 34.5 | ✗2 = 9.79; p-value = 0.002 |  | 859 | 412 | 48.0 | ✗2 = 4.86; p-value = 0.027 |
Yes | 373 | 158 | 42.4 | Â | 135 | 51 | 37.8 | ||
Current marital status | |||||||||
Currently married | 6,478 | 2,097 | 32.4 | ✗2 = 52.34; p-value = 0.001 |  | 608 | 287 | 47.2 | ✗2 = 0.24; p-value = 0.620 |
Currently not married | 3,055 | 1,220 | 39.9 | Â | 386 | 176 | 45.6 | ||
Level of education | |||||||||
No formal schooling | 5,724 | 2,091 | 36.5 | ✗2 = 32.35; p-value = 0.001 |  | 538 | 263 | 48.9 | ✗2 = 4.04; p-value = 0.257 |
Less than 5 years of schooling | 1,646 | 575 | 34.9 | Â | 221 | 93 | 42.1 | ||
6–10 years of schooling | 1,452 | 417 | 28.7 |  | 170 | 74 | 43.5 | ||
More than 10 years of schooling | 711 | 234 | 32.9 | Â | 65 | 33 | 50.8 | ||
Working status | |||||||||
Working | 1,505 | 466 | 31.0 | ✗2 = 11.56; p-value = 0.001 |  | 88 | 38 | 43.2 | ✗2 = 0.45; p-value = 0.503 |
Not working | 8,028 | 2,851 | 35.5 | Â | 906 | 425 | 46.9 | ||
Household headship status | |||||||||
No | 4,803 | 1,792 | 37.3 | ✗2 = 26.99; p-value = 0.001 |  | 531 | 242 | 45.6 | ✗2 = 0.46; p-value = 0.496 |
Yes | 4,730 | 1,525 | 32.2 | Â | 463 | 221 | 47.7 | ||
Family structure | |||||||||
Joint/Extended | 7,369 | 2,576 | 35.0 | ✗2 = 43.23; p-value = 0.001 |  | 740 | 342 | 46.2 | ✗2 = 1.71; p-value = 0.425 |
Nuclear | 1,169 | 328 | 28.1 | Â | 99 | 52 | 52.5 | ||
Single generation | 995 | 413 | 41.5 | Â | 155 | 69 | 44.5 | ||
Household wealth quintile | |||||||||
Poorest | 1,468 | 570 | 38.8 | ✗2 = 17.31; p-value = 0.002 |  | 135 | 54 | 40.0 | ✗2 = 4.74; p-value = 0.315 |
Poor | 1,633 | 591 | 36.2 | Â | 144 | 66 | 45.8 | ||
Medium | 1,913 | 633 | 33.1 | Â | 196 | 102 | 52.0 | ||
Rich | 2,023 | 670 | 33.1 | Â | 218 | 101 | 46.3 | ||
Richest | 2,496 | 853 | 34.2 | Â | 301 | 140 | 46.5 | ||
Household below poverty line (BPL) | |||||||||
No | 7,619 | 2,605 | 34.2 | ✗2 = 6.10; p-value = 0.013 |  | 826 | 385 | 46.6 | ✗2 = 0.01; p-value = 0.966 |
Yes | 1,914 | 712 | 37.2 | Â | 168 | 78 | 46.4 | ||
Caste of household | |||||||||
Scheduled Tribes | 563 | 177 | 31.4 | ✗2 = 16.89; p-value = 0.001 |  | 44 | 26 | 59.1 | ✗2 = 5.92; p-value = 0.116 |
Scheduled Castes | 1,723 | 613 | 35.6 | Â | 135 | 71 | 52.6 | ||
Other Backward Classes | 3,936 | 1,447 | 36.8 | Â | 398 | 175 | 44.0 | ||
Others | 3,311 | 1,080 | 32.6 | Â | 417 | 191 | 45.8 | ||
Religion of household | |||||||||
Hindu | 7,897 | 2,787 | 35.3 | ✗2 = 5.39; p-value = 0.068 |  | 779 | 367 | 47.1 | ✗2 = 5.42; p-value = 0.067 |
Muslim | 898 | 285 | 31.7 | Â | 96 | 51 | 53.1 | ||
Others | 738 | 245 | 33.2 | Â | 119 | 45 | 37.8 | ||
Participates in social groups | |||||||||
Yes | 3,415 | 1,138 | 33.3 | ✗2 = 5.08; p-value = 0.024 |  | 398 | 165 | 41.5 | ✗2 = 6.99; p-value = 0.008 |
No | 6,118 | 2,179 | 35.6 | Â | 596 | 298 | 50.0 | ||
Place of residence | |||||||||
Urban | 2,512 | 838 | 33.4 | ✗2 = 3.09; p-value = 0.078 |  | 252 | 133 | 52.8 | ✗2 = 5.21; p-value = 0.022 |
Rural | 7,021 | 2,479 | 35.3 | Â | 742 | 330 | 44.5 | ||
Country regions | |||||||||
Northern | 3,245 | 1,090 | 33.6 | ✗2 = 433.49; p-value = 0.001 |  | 243 | 121 | 49.8 | ✗2 = 48.32; p-value = 0.001 |
North Eastern | 284 | 22 | 7.7 | Â | 6 | 4 | 66.7 | ||
Central | 937 | 539 | 57.5 | Â | 92 | 28 | 30.4 | ||
Eastern | 1,495 | 409 | 27.4 | Â | 104 | 69 | 66.3 | ||
Western | 1,412 | 365 | 25.8 | Â | 172 | 99 | 57.6 | ||
Southern | 2,160 | 892 | 41.3 | Â | 377 | 142 | 37.7 | ||
Overall | 9,533 | 3,317 | 34.8 | Â | Â | 994 | 463 | 46.6 | Â |