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Table 2 Mean difference scores for each group across time and between-group comparisons at 12 weeks and 24 weeks

From: The impact of physical exercises with elements of dance movement therapy on the upper limb grip strength and functional performance of elderly wheelchair users living in nursing homes – a randomized control trial

 

Variable

BE group (n = 52)

PED group (n = 51)

CO group (n = 50)

PED vs BE

PED vs CO

BE vs CO

BE group (n = 48)

PED group (n = 49)

CO group (n = 47)

PED vs BE

PED vs CO

BE vs CO

 

Baseline—12 weeks

Mean change from baseline (95% CI)

 

After 12 weeks

 

Baseline—24 weeks

Mean change from baseline (95% CI)

After 24 weeks

Main Outcome

 

HGS R [kg]

5.54 (4.89; 6.19)

6.77 (6.04; 7.50)

−0.77 (−1.06; − 0.48)

p = 0,01*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

4.51 (3.84; 5.18)

6.42 (5.72; 7.11)

−1.42 (− 1.80; − 1.04)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

 

HGS L [kg]

6.60 (6.08; 7.11)

8.05 (7.51; 8.60)

−0.40 (− 0.56; − 0.24)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

6.12 (5.64; 6.61)

7.76 (7.22; 8.30)

−0.95 (−1.22; − 0.69)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

Secondary Outcomes

Manual dexterity

BBT

9.50 (8.85; 10.15)

12.90 (11.62; 14.18)

−1.50 (−2.01; −0.99)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

8.88 (8.15; 9.60)

13.00 (11.69; 14.31)

−2.49 (−3.15; −1.82)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

Arm strength and endurance

ACT

2.56 (1.98; 3.13)

3.71 (3.13; 4.28)

−0.52 (−0.86; 0.18)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

2.40 (1.78; 3.01)

3.67 (3.12; 4.22)

−0.83 (−1.24; − 0.42)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

Joint mobility

Shoulder flexion [degree]

10.38 (7.58; 13.19)

10.88 (7.91; 13.85)

−1.80 (−2.94; −0.66)

p > 0.999

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

5.52 (−0.03; 11.07)

9.69 (6.64; 12.75)

−3.83 (−5.40; −2.26)

p = 0,35

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

 

Shoulder extension [degree]

4.92 (−2.95; 12.80)

9.71 (8.01; 11.40)

−2.30 (−3.26; −1.34)

p = 0,46

p < 0.001*

p = 0,10

3.67 (−5.02; 12.35)

9.49 (7.75; 11.23)

−2.21 (−3.57; −0.86)

p = 0,33

p < 0.001*

p = 0,33

 

Shoulder abduction [degree]

11.87 (8.85; 14.89)

14.94 (12.19; 17.69)

−3.66 (−4.80; −2.52)

p = 0,23

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

11.42 (8.23; 14.61)

14.67 (11.93; 17.42)

−4.02 (−5.23; −2.81)

p = 0,21

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

Lung capacity

PEF

39.83 (32.10; 47.56)

56.10 (41.99; 70.21)

−21.62 (− 28.59; −14.65)

p = 0,07

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

9.98 (2.90; 17.06)

41.14 (29.23; 53.06)

−29.23 (−37.40;- 21.07)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

 

FEV1

0.46 (0.36; 0.56)

0.71 (0.59; 0.84)

−0.15 (−0.20; −0.11)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

0.23 (0.15; 0.32)

4.15 (−3.44; 11.74)

−0.36 (− 0.44; − 0.28)

Flexibility Assessment

BS R [cm]

8.13 (7.01; 9.26)

14.82 (11.84; 17.81)

−1.20 (−2.23; − 0.17)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

6.81 (5.79; 7.84)

13.51 (10.82; 16.20)

−1.79 (−2.96; −0.62)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

BS L [cm]

9.38 (7.71; 1.06)

14.57 (11.38; 17.76)

−1.66 (−2.65; −0.67)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

8.23 (6.63; 9.83)

14.00 (10.64; 7.36)

−1.34 (− 1.75; −0.93)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

CSR R [cm]

7.90 (5.37; 10.43)

12.98 (10.76; 15.20)

−1.12 (− 1.59; −0.65)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

7.63 (4.94; 10.31)

12.82 (10.55; 15.08)

−2.17 (−2.72; −1.62)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

CSR L [cm]

7.17 (5.70; 8.64)

11.92 (9.93; 13.91)

−0.62 (−1.35; 0.11)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

6.58 (5.17; 7.99)

11.78 (9.79; 13.76)

−1.77 (−2.59; −0.94)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

Functional Assessment

Katz ADL

0.04 (−0.10; 0.17)

0.18 (0.03; 0.32)

0.00 (−0.14; 0.14)

−0.10 (− 0.29; 0.08)

0.12 (− 0.04; 0.28)

−0.68 (− 0.89;-0.47)

p = 0,25

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

BI

0.58 (−0.23; .39)

3.92 (2.53; 5.31)

−1.40 (−2.59; − 0.21)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p = 0,05*

−0.42 (− 1.25; 0.42)

2.96 (1.44; 4.48)

−4.26 (−5.93; − 2.58)

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

Body Balance Assessment

BBS

1.90 (1.51; 2.30)

2.59 (2.20; 2.98)

−0.40 (− 0.66; − 0.14)

p = 0,02*

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

1.88 (1.47; 2.28)

2.39 (1.99; 2.78)

−0.66 (− 0.95; − 0.37)

p = 0,15

p < 0.001*

p < 0.001*

  1. BE basic exercises group; PED physical exercises with elements of dancing group; CO control group; CI confidence interval,; *, statistically significant result (Bonferroni post hoc procedures); HGSR right-hand grip strength; HGSL left-hand grip strength, BBT box and blocks test; ACT arm curl test; BSR back scratch right arm over; BSL back scratch left arm over; CSRR chair sit-and-reach for right leg; CSRL chair sit-and-reach for left leg; PEF Peak expiratory flow; FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s; ADL Activities of Daily Living; BI Barthel Index; BBS Berg Balance Scale. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the differences between groups at the time points post and follow-up