Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants

 Sex

Female

30 (54.55)

36 (65.45)

32 (58.18)

0.495^c

Male

25 (45.45)

19 (34.55)

23 (41.82)

 Marital status

Married

9 (16.36)

2 (3.64)

6 (10.91)

0.249^c

Widow / widower

25 (45.45)

28 (50.91)

20 (36.36)

Divorced

9 (16.36)

10 (18.18)

9 (16.36)

Single

12 (21.82)

15 (27.27)

20 (36.36)

 Education

Basic

18 (32.73)

8 (14.55)

24 (43.64)

0.020^c*

Vocational

33 (60.00)

40 (72.73)

26 (47.27)

Higher

4 (7.27)

7 (12.73)

5 (9.09)

 Length of NH residency

< 12 moths

6 (10.91)

6 (10.91)

2 (3.64)

0.319^c

1–5 years

15 (27.27)

16 (29.09)

14 (25.45)

6–10 years

27 (49.09)

26 (47.27)

24 (43.64)

over 10 years

7 (12.73)

7 (12.73)

15 (27.27)

 Length of wheelchair dependence

< 12 months

1 (1.82)

1 (1.82)

1 (1.82)

0.332^c

1–5 years

27 (49.09)

27 (49.09)

22 (40.00)

6–10 years

25 (45.45)

24 (43.64)

23 (41.82)

over 10 years

2 (3.64)

3 (5.45)

9 (16.36)

 Chronic disease

Cardiovascular

39 (70.91)

41 (74.55)

37 (67.27)

0.703^c

Musculoskeletal

20 (36.36)

31 (56.36)

32 (58.18)

0.040^c*

Neurological

39 (70.91)

39 (70.91)

35 (63.64)

0.638^c

Pulmonary

15 (27.27)

7 (12.73)

9 (16.36)

0.127^c

Urinary system

16 (29.09)

10 (18.18)

16 (29.09)

0.317^c

Otological

19 (34.55)

15 (27.27)

18 (32.73)

0.694^c

Ophtamological

20 (36.36)

16 (29.09)

22 (40.00)

0.475^c

Digestive system

8 (14.55)

10 (18.18)

7 (12.73)

0.719^c

 GDS

5.58 (2.68)

5.44 (2.69)

5.45 (2.46)

0.951^b

No depression 0–5

24 (43.64)

22 (40.00)

29 (52.73)

0.385^c

Moderate depression 6–10

31 (56.36)

33 (60.00)

26 (47.27)

 MMSE

24.67 (3.40)

25.13 (3.38)

25.02 (3.36)

0.763^b

Normal cognition 30–27

18 (32.73)

22 (40.00)

19 (34.55)

0.723^c

Cognitive impairment without dementia 26–24

15 (27.27)

12 (21.82)

18 (32.73)

Mild cognitive impairment 23–19

22 (40.00)

21 (38.18)

18 (32.73)

 Dominant limb

Right

47 (85.45)

49 (89.09)

42 (76.36)

0.178^c

Left

8 (14.55)

6 (10.91)

13 (23.64)

Age [years]

74.40 (8.09)

74.51 (7.37)

74.13 (6.59)

0.962^b

Body mass [kg]

73.61 (14.21)

70.76 (14.06)

68.40 (16.27)

0.188^b

Height [cm]

161.80 (10.91)

161.69 (9.58)

161.38 (10.03)

0.975^b

BMI [kg/m²]

28.08 (4.38)

26.92 (3.99)

26.07 (4.76)

0.057^b

 Muscle strength

HGS _R [kg]

12.67 (5.38)

12.74 (5.69)

12.97 (5.30)

0.955^b

HGS _L [kg]

11.14 (4.31)

11.09 (4.53)

11.43 (4.79)

0.916^b

 Manual dexterity and

BBT [x]

27.40 (9.55)

27.42 (9.42)

27.45 (11.02)

> 0.999^b

 endurance of the upper limb

ACT [x]

9.11 (3.80)

9.11 (4.01)

9.29 (3.24)

0.957^b

 Joint mobility

Shoulder flexion [degree]

130.18 (19.34)

131.55 (23.31)

129.73 (17.54)

0.886^b

Shoulder extension [degree]

43.53 (26.76)

44.91 (9.35)

44.91 (10.16)

0.891^b

Shoulder abduction [degree]

125.49 (18.45)

126.96 (20.23)

128.36 (18.39)

0.732^b

 Flexibility Assessment

BS _R [cm]

−37.58 (20.23)

− 37.02 (24.48)

− 38.62 (22.55)

0.931^b

BS _L [cm]

− 39.27 (21.72)

− 39.25 (24.77)

−39.38 (22.72)

> 0.999^b

CSR _R [cm]

−12.35 (19.88)

−12.47 (13.93)

− 12.18 (20.16)

0.996^b

CSR _L [cm]

−12.42 (17.27)

− 12.47 (13.49)

− 12.45 (21.30)

> 0.999^b

Lung capacity

PEF [l/min]

151.22 (46.59)

147.05 (43.39)

149.56 (39.29)

0.879^b

FEV1 [l]

1.10 (0.45)

1.14 (0.43)

1.27 (0.43)

0.105^b

Functional Assessment

Katz ADL

4.24 (1.11)

4.27 (1.11)

4.27 (1.09)

0.980^b

BI

54.09 (12.73)

54.36 (12.06)

54.09 (10.23)

0.990^b

Body Balance Assessment

BBS

12.38 (6.34)

12.67 (5.14)

12.18 (5.33)

0.900^b