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Table 3 Multivariable associations of potential associated factors with physical, psychological and social frailty (n = 2289)

From: Factors associated with physical, psychological and social frailty among community-dwelling older persons in Europe: a cross-sectional study of Urban Health Centres Europe (UHCE)

 

Physical frailty

(n = 1243 yes)

Psychological frailty

(n = 896 yes)

Social frailty

(3 items, cutoff = 2)

(n = 673 yes)

OR (95%CI)

P-value

OR (95%CI)

P-value

OR (95%CI)

P-value

Age (years)

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

< 0.001

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

0.408

1.02 (0.10–1.04)

0.143

Sex (female vs. male)

2.17 (1.73–2.72)

< 0.001

1.83 (1.47–2.29)

< 0.001

0.91 (0.70–1.20)

0.507

Country

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 Spain vs. the Netherlands

1.40 (0.98–1.99)

0.067

1.93 (1.34–2.78)

< 0.001

0.53 (0.35–0.81)

0.004

 Greece vs. the Netherlands

2.20 (1.48–3.28)

< 0.001

5.35 (3.59–7.95)

< 0.001

1.84 (1.17–2.90)

0.009

 Croatia vs. the Netherlands

3.19 (2.24–4.54)

< 0.001

3.92 (2.79–5.51)

< 0.001

1.33 (0.91–1.94)

0.148

 United Kingdom vs. the Netherlands

1.10 (0.80–1.51)

0.558

1.22 (0.87–1.71)

0.244

0.52 (0.37–0.75)

< 0.001

Migration background (yes vs. no)

1.05 (0.72–1.54)

0.792

0.98 (0.69–1.41)

0.922

0.88 (0.57–1.34)

0.550

Education level

 

< 0.001

 

0.010

 

0.037

 Secondary or equivalent vs. primary or less

2.12 (1.42–3.17)

< 0.001

1.85 (1.24–2.78)

0.003

1.09 (0.68–1.75)

0.714

 Tertiary or higher vs. primary or less

1.38 (0.96–1.99)

0.086

1.43 (0.98–2.07)

0.063

0.72 (0.47–1.11)

0.135

Household composition (living alone vs. living with others)

0.80 (0.64–0.10)

0.048

0.90 (0.72–1.12)

0.334

15.54 (11.81–20.44)

< 0.001

Alcohol risk (yes vs. no)

0.67 (0.54–0.84)

0.001

0.85 (0.67–1.07)

0.158

1.00 (0.76–1.31)

0.971

Physical activity (once a week or less vs. more than once a week)

3.58 (2.81–4.57)

< 0.001

2.02 (1.63–2.50)

< 0.001

1.51 (1.17–2.00)

0.002

Smoking (yes vs. no)

1.45 (0.99–2.11)

0.055

0.92 (0.63–1.34)

0.669

0.87 (0.57–1.35)

0.541

Multi-morbidity (yes vs. no)

2.09 (1.41–3.08)

< 0.001

1.32 (0.90–1.92)

0.155

1.75 (1.06–2.88)

0.028

Medication risk (MRQ-10; scores)

1.35 (1.26–1.44)

< 0.001

1.15 (1.08–1.22)

< 0.001

1.1 (1.03–1.19)

0.005

Malnutrition (SNAQ-65+; yes vs. no)

2.53 (1.86–3.43)

< 0.001

1.76 (1.35–2.29)

< 0.001

1.21 (0.89–1.66)

0.226

  1. Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MRQ-10 10 items of the Medication risk questionnaire, SNAQ-65+ Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire 65 +
  2. Significant ORs and P-values (< 0.05) in bold
  3. Multivariable models were used to analysis the associations between potential associated factors with physical, psychological and social frailty
  4. All factors (e.g. demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and health indicators) were included in each model
  5. Nagelkerke R22 = 0.32 (physical frailty); Nagelkerke R32 = 0.21 (psychological frailty), Nagelkerke R42 = 0.39 (social frailty)
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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