Association between the inability to identify particular odors and physical performance, cognitive function, and/or brain atrophy in community-dwelling older adults from the Fukuoka Island City study

Table 5 Subject parameters divided by the ability to identify Japanese orange odor (correct/incorrect)

Variables	Correct n = 14	Incorrect n = 30	p-value
			Crude	Adjusted for age and sex	Adjusted models for medial temporal area atrophy
			Crude	Adjusted for age and sex	Model A	Model B	Model C	Model D
Sex, female (%)	9 (64)	21 (70)	.705	-
Comorbidities, n (%)
Diabetes mellitus	6 (43)	11 (37)	.694	-
Hyperlipemia	4 (29)	8 (27)	.895	-
Hypertension	3 (21)	7 (23)	.888	-
Physical parameters, mean ± SD
Age, years	72.7 ± 5.7	72.2 ± 5.8	.784	-
Height, cm	152.3 ± 9.3	153.7 ± 7.9	.605	.255
Weight, kg	56.2 ± 12.3	52.6 ± 10.5	.319	.315
BMI, kg/m²	24.1 ± 3.9	22.2 ± 3.4	.112	.118
GDS, score^a	2.3 ± 2.1	2.9 ± 2.6	.448	.450
Physical performance, mean ± SD
Five times CS, s^a	6.9 ± 1.7	7.4 ± 1.9	.456	.378
OLS, s	50.2 ± 38.2	48.5 ± 41.3	.899	.830
Preferred GS, m/s	1.21 ± 0.05	1.32 ± 0.04	.103	.124
Maximal GS, m/s	1.76 ± 0.07	1.77 ± 0.05	.896	.896
Cognitive function, mean ± SD
Global cognition, score	14.1 ± 1.4	13.9 ± 1.5	.773	.669
WMS-R LM-I, score	8.5 ± 4.8	8.8 ± 3.9	.806	.898
TMT-A, s^a	92.7 ± 34.9	98.7 ± 36.7	.612	.463
TMT-B, s^a	121.6 ± 41.6	139.2 ± 79.4	.443	.308
Brain atrophy, mean ± SD
MTA, z-score^a	0.59 ± 0.40	0.85 ± 0.37	.039	.011	.007	.009	.022	.0498
GM in the whole brain, %^a	3.17 ± 1.37	3.89 ± 1.53	.140	.099

Crude: analysis of variance (ANOVA). Adjusted age and gender: analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
Crude: un-paired t-test; adjusted models: analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
Model A: ANCOVA adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, GDS, and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, and hypertension)
Model B: ANCOVA adjusted for model A and cognitive function tests (global cognition, WMS-R LM-I, TMT-A, and TMT-B)
Model C: ANCOVA adjusted for model B and physical performance (five times chair stand, OLS, preferred gait speed, and maximal gait speed)
Model D: ANCOVA adjusted for model C and gray matter atrophy in the whole brain
BMI body mass index, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, SD standard deviation, CS chair stand, OLS one leg standing with open eyes, GS gait speed, TMT Trail Making Test, WMS-R LM Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory Immediate, MTA medial temporal area, GM gray matter
^aLower scores indicate better performance

ISSN: 1471-2318