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Table 4 Multiple regression (stepwise) analysis for predicting physical performance, cognitive function, and brain atrophy from the identification of different odors

From: Association between the inability to identify particular odors and physical performance, cognitive function, and/or brain atrophy in community-dwelling older adults from the Fukuoka Island City study

 

[Step A]

[Step B]

[Step C]

Final model status

Predicted variables

Forced entry

Stepwise

Stepwise

Variables

B

β

95% CI for B

R2

adj-R2

Physical performance

 Five times chair stand

Age

  

Age

0.141

0.449

0.055, 0.228*

.304

.252

Sex

  

Sex

0.973

0.256

−0.201, 2.15

 

Weight

 

Weight

0.079

0.488

0.028, 0.130*

  

-

Constant

−8.88

 

−16.8, −0.97*

 One leg standing with open eyes

Age

  

Age

−2.90

−0.414

−4.77, −1.03*

.324

.273

Sex

  

Sex

−9.90

−0.117

−32.5, 12.7

 

BMI

 

BMI

−4.64

−0.422

−7.56, −1.71*

  

-

Constant

381.4

 

222.1, 540.8*

 Preferred gait speed

Age

  

Age

−0.005

−0.152

−0.016, 0.006

.028

−.019

Sex

  

Sex

0.041

0.095

−0.093, 0.175

 

-

-

Constant

1.60

 

0.796, 2.41*

 Maximal gait speed

Age

  

Age

−0.014

−0.330

−0.027, −0.002*

.178

.138

Sex

  

Sex

−0.115

−0.220

−0.266, 0.036

 

-

-

Constant

2.99

 

2.09, 3.90*

Cognitive function

 Global cognition

Age

  

Age

−0.101

−0.397

−0.176, −0.027*

.156

.115

Sex

  

Sex

0.033

0.011

−0.870, 0.936

 

-

-

Constant

21.3

 

15.8, 26.7*

 WMS-R LM-I

Age

  

Age

−0.163

−0.225

−0.387, 0.060

.064

.019

Sex

  

Sex

1.34

0.153

−1.36, 4.04

 

-

-

Constant

18.3

 

2.06, 34.5*

 TMT-A

Age

  

Age

2.74

0.434

1.03, 4.45*

.300

.247

Sex

  

Sex

−8.19

−0.108

−28.9, 12.5

 

BMI

 

BMI

−2.95

−0.299

−5.6, −0.30*

  

-

Constant

−105.8

 

−235.2, 23.6

 TMT-B

Age

  

Age

5.69

0.465

2.24, 9.15*

.212

.174

Sex

  

Sex

−10.3

−0.070

−52.1, 31.4

 

-

-

Constant

−261.1

 

−512.1, −10.0*

Brain atrophy

 Medial temporal area

Age

  

Age

0.030

0.424

0.011, 0.048*

.328

.277

Sex

  

Sex

−0.248

−0.294

−0.472, −0.024*

 

-

J orange

J orange

−0.293

−0.347

−0.515, −0.071*

   

Constant

−0.863

 

−2.21, 0.480

 Gray matter in the whole brain

Age

  

Age

0.052

0.198

−0.029, 0.133

.075

.030

Sex

  

Sex

−0.697

−0.219

−1.67, 0.279

 

-

-

Constant

1.05

 

−4.82, 6.91

  1. Type of odors inversed 1 (correct answer) or 0 (un-correct answer)
  2. B: unstandardized regression coefficient, β: standardized regression coefficient, CI: confidence interval, adj-R2: adjusted-R2
  3. Step A covariates consisted of age and gender in a forced entry analysis
  4. Step B covariates consisted of height, weight, BMI, Geriatric Depression Scale, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, and hypertension in a stepwise analysis
  5. Step C predictors consisted of types of odors: Indian ink, wood, menthol, Japanese cypress (hinoki), perfume, rose, Japanese orange, roast garlic, curry, cooking gas, fermented beans/sweaty socks, and condensed milk in a stepwise analysis
  6. BMI body mass index, OLS one leg standing with open eyes, J orange Japanese orange, TMT Trail Making Test, WMS-R LM-I Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory Immediate
  7. *P<0.05 as a predictor in final models
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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