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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants according to the presence or absence of 4-year period of cognitive decline

From: Interaction between cognitive leisure activity and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on global cognitive decline in a Japanese longitudinal cohort study: National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging

Characteristics

   

Cognitive decline

  

Total

  

presence

absence

 

Mean

 

SD

Mean

 

SD

Mean

 

SD

p-Value

No. of participants (n)

517

  

141

  

376

   

Sex (n) men

256

(49.5%)

79

(56.0%)

177

(47.1%)

0.07

Age (years)

68.6

 

6.2

70.0

 

6.8

68.0

 

5.8

<0.01

MMSE

28.9

 

0.8

28.6

 

0.7

29.1

 

0.8

<0.01

BMI (kg/m2)

22.9

 

2.8

23.2

 

2.9

22.7

 

2.8

0.08

Educational level (n)

         

0.09

  9 years

121

(23.4%)

55

(39.0%)

66

(17.6%)

 

  10–12 years

228

(44.1%)

48

(34.0%)

180

(47.9%)

 

  ≥13 years

168

(32.5%)

38

(27.0%)

130

(34.6%)

 

Married (n)

433

(83.8%)

115

(81.6%)

318

(84.6%)

0.41

Current smoker (n)

41

(7.9%)

9

(6.4%)

32

(8.5%)

0.43

Alcohol consumptiona (mL/day)

8.3

 

14.4

9.9

 

16.8

7.6

 

13.3

0.15

Energy intake (kcal/day)

2009

 

373

2010

 

391

2009

 

367

0.97

Total physical activity (METs*min/1000/day)

1.9

 

0.2

1.9

 

0.2

1.9

 

0.2

0.85

Employment (n)

         

 0.03

  Unemployed or household labor

261

 

(50.5%)

81

 

(57.5%)

180

 

(47.9%)

 

  Nonregular employment

87

 

(16.8%)

24

 

(17.0%)

63

 

(16.8%)

 

  Regular employment

169

 

(32.7%)

36

 

(25.5%)

133

 

(35.4%)

 

CES-D

6.6

 

6.6

6.8

 

6.8

6.6

 

6.6

0.76

Medical history (n)b

          

  Stroke

26

(5.0%)

8

(5.7%)

18

(4.8%)

0.68

  ypertension

210

(40.6%)

61

(43.3%)

149

(39.6%)

0.45

  Ischemic heart disease

31

(6.0%)

10

(7.1%)

21

(5.6%)

0.52

  Hyperlipidemia

137

(26.5%)

36

(25.5%)

101

(26.9%)

0.76

  Diabetes mellitus

53

(10.3%)

15

(10.6%)

38

(10.1%)

0.86

 CLA High frequency (n)c

       

  Reading the newspaper

510

(98.6%)

138

(97.9%)

372

(98.9%)

0.40

  Reading books

433

(83.8%)

121

(85.8%)

312

(83.0%)

0.44

  Writing

263

(50.9%)

70

(49.6%)

193

(51.3%)

0.73

  Creative activities

198

(38.3%)

57

(40.4%)

141

(37.5%)

0.54

  Art appreciation

163

(31.5%)

33

(23.4%)

130

(34.6%)

0.02

  Gardening

385

(74.5%)

108

(76.6%)

277

(73.8%)

0.50

SFA (g/day)

14.8

4.8

14.4

4.4

15.0

4.9

0.04

MUFA (g/day)

18.2

5.7

17.2

5.5

18.6

5.7

0.02

LCPUFA (g/day)

1.4

0.8

1.4

0.8

1.4

0.8

0.93

  1. Note: Continuous variables, Student’s t-test; categorical variables, χ2 test
  2. aAlcohol consumption was converted into ethanol content.
  3. bPast and present illness
  4. cCLA was divided into two groups based on the frequency of participation; “at least once or more per month” (high) “once or several times per year or less” (low)
  5. ARA, arachidonic acid; BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid