Variable | Unit or category | IRR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographics | |||
Age (years) | Years | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | <.05 |
Sex | Men | Ref | Ref |
Women | 0.90 (0.67–1.23) | .52 | |
Marital status | Married or living with a partner | Ref | Ref |
Not married | 1.44 (0.60–2.90) | .36 | |
Separated or divorced | 0.91 (0.35–1.93) | .83 | |
Widow | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | .64 | |
Living alone | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.19 (0.88–1.61) | .27 | |
Highest level of education completed | Municipal primary and lower secondary school | Ref | Ref |
General upper secondary education | 0.76 (0.19–0.21) | .64 | |
Skilled worker | 1.01 (0.67–1.49) | .97 | |
Short-cycle higher education | 2.97 (1.80–4.74) | < .05 | |
Medium-cycle higher education | 2.00 (1.36–2.92) | < .05 | |
Long cycle higher education | 0.84 (0.25–2.03) | .73 | |
Weekly alcohol consumption | 0–7 units | Ref | Ref |
> 7 units | 1.55 (1.12–2.11) | <.05 | |
Dogs or cats in the household | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.26 (0.82–1.85) | .27 | |
Using glasses with multifocal lenses | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.60 (0.44–0.83) | <.05 | |
Comorbidities and medication | |||
Having two or more diseases or chronic disorders | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.35 (0.86–2.25) | .21 | |
Number of all prescribed drugs | Count | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | <.05 |
Nutrition | |||
Body Mass Index | Kg/m2 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) a | .24 |
Mini Nutritional Assessment Score | Score from 0 to 14 (14 is the best possible score) | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) a | <.05 |
Activities of Daily Living and mobility | |||
Vulnerable Elders Survey – 13 | Score from 1 to 10 (1 is the best score) | 1.13 (1.07–1.18) | <.05 |
Using walking aids | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.37 (1.02–1.83) | <.05 | |
Habitual gait speed | M/sec | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | .41 |
Psychology and cognition | |||
Geriatric Depression Scale - 4 items | 0 | Ref | Ref |
1 | 0.76 (0.50–1.13) | .20 | |
2 | 1.15 (0.54–2.14) | .67 | |
3 | 9.5 (5.34–15.70) | <.05 | |
Orientation-Memory-Concentration test | Score from 0 to 28 (28 is the best score) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) c | .69 |
EQ-5D-3L | Score from −0.167 to 1.000 points | 0.19 (0.09–0.40) | <.05 |
Falls | |||
One or more falls within the previous year | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 3.47 (2.53–4.85) | <.05 | |
Short Falls Efficacy Scale International | Score from 7 to 28 (7 is the best score) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | <.05 |
Do you think that you will fall within the next year? | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 4.10 (3.04–5.50) b | <.05 | |
Frailty and symptoms | |||
Tilburg Frailty Indicator | Score from 0 to 15 points (0 is the best possible score) | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) a | <.05 |
Occasionally experiencing dizziness | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.17 (1.59–2.99) | <.05 | |
Occasionally experiencing lower limb pain when walking? | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.29 (0.96–1.74) | .09 | |
Occasionally experiencing urinary incontinence | No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.25 (0.92–1.67) | .15 | |
Physical | |||
Total grip strength of both upper limbs | Kg | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) b | .17 |
Difference in grip strength between upper limbs | Kg | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) b | .34 |
Total isometric lower limb strength | Kg | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) b, d | .08 |
Difference in isometric lower limb strengths | Kg | 0.78 (0.62–0.97) b, d | .03 |
Average lower limb reaction time | Ms | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) b, d | .96 |
Difference in lower limb reaction time | Ms | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) b, e | .09 |
Centre of Pressure area | mm2 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) a, d | <.05 |
Centre of Pressure speed | mm/s | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) a, d | .45 |