|
Sociodemographics
|
|
Age (years)
|
Years
|
0.97 (0.94–1.00)
|
<.05
|
|
Sex
|
Men
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Women
|
0.90 (0.67–1.23)
|
.52
|
|
Marital status
|
Married or living with a partner
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Not married
|
1.44 (0.60–2.90)
|
.36
|
|
Separated or divorced
|
0.91 (0.35–1.93)
|
.83
|
|
Widow
|
1.08 (0.79–1.47)
|
.64
|
|
Living alone
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.19 (0.88–1.61)
|
.27
|
|
Highest level of education completed
|
Municipal primary and lower secondary school
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
General upper secondary education
|
0.76 (0.19–0.21)
|
.64
|
|
Skilled worker
|
1.01 (0.67–1.49)
|
.97
|
|
Short-cycle higher education
|
2.97 (1.80–4.74)
|
< .05
|
|
Medium-cycle higher education
|
2.00 (1.36–2.92)
|
< .05
|
|
Long cycle higher education
|
0.84 (0.25–2.03)
|
.73
|
|
Weekly alcohol consumption
|
0–7 units
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
> 7 units
|
1.55 (1.12–2.11)
|
<.05
|
|
Dogs or cats in the household
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.26 (0.82–1.85)
|
.27
|
|
Using glasses with multifocal lenses
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
0.60 (0.44–0.83)
|
<.05
|
|
Comorbidities and medication
|
|
Having two or more diseases or chronic disorders
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.35 (0.86–2.25)
|
.21
|
|
Number of all prescribed drugs
|
Count
|
1.06 (1.02–1.10)
|
<.05
|
|
Nutrition
|
|
Body Mass Index
|
Kg/m2
|
0.98 (0.95–1.01) a
|
.24
|
|
Mini Nutritional Assessment Score
|
Score from 0 to 14 (14 is the best possible score)
|
0.84 (0.78–0.91) a
|
<.05
|
|
Activities of Daily Living and mobility
|
|
Vulnerable Elders Survey – 13
|
Score from 1 to 10 (1 is the best score)
|
1.13 (1.07–1.18)
|
<.05
|
|
Using walking aids
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.37 (1.02–1.83)
|
<.05
|
|
Habitual gait speed
|
M/sec
|
0.88 (0.65–1.18)
|
.41
|
|
Psychology and cognition
|
|
Geriatric Depression Scale - 4 items
|
0
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
1
|
0.76 (0.50–1.13)
|
.20
|
|
2
|
1.15 (0.54–2.14)
|
.67
|
|
3
|
9.5 (5.34–15.70)
|
<.05
|
|
Orientation-Memory-Concentration test
|
Score from 0 to 28 (28 is the best score)
|
0.99 (0.96–1.03) c
|
.69
|
|
EQ-5D-3L
|
Score from −0.167 to 1.000 points
|
0.19 (0.09–0.40)
|
<.05
|
|
Falls
|
|
One or more falls within the previous year
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
3.47 (2.53–4.85)
|
<.05
|
|
Short Falls Efficacy Scale International
|
Score from 7 to 28 (7 is the best score)
|
1.06 (1.01–1.11)
|
<.05
|
|
Do you think that you will fall within the next year?
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
4.10 (3.04–5.50) b
|
<.05
|
|
Frailty and symptoms
|
|
Tilburg Frailty Indicator
|
Score from 0 to 15 points (0 is the best possible score)
|
1.13 (1.06–1.20) a
|
<.05
|
|
Occasionally experiencing dizziness
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
2.17 (1.59–2.99)
|
<.05
|
|
Occasionally experiencing lower limb pain when walking?
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.29 (0.96–1.74)
|
.09
|
|
Occasionally experiencing urinary incontinence
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.25 (0.92–1.67)
|
.15
|
|
Physical
|
|
Total grip strength of both upper limbs
|
Kg
|
0.99 (0.97–1.00) b
|
.17
|
|
Difference in grip strength between upper limbs
|
Kg
|
0.95 (0.86–1.04) b
|
.34
|
|
Total isometric lower limb strength
|
Kg
|
0.98 (0.96–1.00) b, d
|
.08
|
|
Difference in isometric lower limb strengths
|
Kg
|
0.78 (0.62–0.97) b, d
|
.03
|
|
Average lower limb reaction time
|
Ms
|
0.99 (0.99–1.00) b, d
|
.96
|
|
Difference in lower limb reaction time
|
Ms
|
0.99 (0.99–1.00) b, e
|
.09
|
|
Centre of Pressure area
|
mm2
|
1.01 (1.00–1.02) a, d
|
<.05
|
|
Centre of Pressure speed
|
mm/s
|
1.04 (0.94–1.14) a, d
|
.45
|
