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Table 2 Baseline characteristics within groups (N = 541) and associations with group-belonging (N = 453a), Group 2 as reference

From: Exploring life-space in the nursing home. An observational longitudinal study

 

Descriptive characteristics

Bivariate model

Multiple model

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Age, mean (SD)

 Group 1

84.4 (9.7)

0.99 (0.92; 1.06)

0.69

0.99 (0.92; 1.07)

0.85

 Group 2

85.2 (6.7)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

79.4 (7.7)

0.90 (0.86; 0.94)

< 0.001

0.91 (0.87; 0.95)

< 0.001

 Group 4

80.9 (8.8)

0.93 (0.89; 0.96)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.90; 0.98)

0.005

Sex (male), n (%)

 Group 1

6 (31.6)

1.21 (0.43; 3.43)

0.72

1.50 (0.49; 4.60)

0.48

 Group 2

132 (33.8)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

24 (42.9)

1.78 (0.96; 3.30)

0.07

1.45 (0.72; 2.92)

0.30

 Group 4

30 (39.5)

1.21 (0.69; 2.12)

0.50

0.98 (0.51; 1.89)

0.96

GMHR Poor, n (%)

 Group 1

6 (33.3)

0.51 (0.18; 1.43)

0.20

0.29 (0.08; 1.05)

0.059

 Group 2

204 (54.4)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

19 (35.8)

0.48 (0.25; 0.90)

0.02

1.01 (0.47; 2.18)

0.99

 Group 4

4 (40.5)

0.54 (0.31; 0.93)

0.03

1.32 (0.66; 2.64)

0.42

Medication, mean (SD)

 Group 1

5.6 (3.2)

0.96 (0.82; 1.14)

0.67

0.99 (0.82; 1.19)

0.90

 Group 2

5.9 (3.1)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

5.0 (3.3)

0.92 (0.83; 1.03)

0.14

0.98 (0.86; 1.11)

0.74

 Group 4

4.7 (2.8)

0.86 (0.78; 0.95)

0.003

0.88 (0.79; 0.99)

0.04

SPPB, mean (SD)

 Group 1

3.1 (2.8)

0.96 (0.81; 1.13)

0.59

0.92 (0.76; 1.11)

0.38

 Group 2

3.6 (3.2)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

6.5 (4.1)

1.28 (1.17; 1.40)

< 0.001

1.19 (1.07; 1.33)

0.001

 Group 4

6.4 (3.8)

1.28 (1.18; 1.39)

< 0.001

1.18 (1.07; 1.30)

0.001

MOBID-2 P1, mean (SD)

 Group 1

6.9 (7.9)

1.02 (0.95; 1.09)

0.60

1.02 (0.94; 1.11)

0.59

 Group 2

5.3 (6.7)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

2.9 (5.0)

0.90 (0.84; 0.97)

0.006

0.95 (0.87; 1.04)

0.29

 Group 4

2.5 (4.3)

0.89 (0.83; 0.95)

0.001

0.93 (0.86; 1.01)

0.08

MOBID-2 P2, mean (SD)

 Group 1

4.2 (3.4)

1.03 (0.94; 1.13)

0.51

1.04 (0.93; 1.15)

0.51

 Group 2

3.9 (5.1)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

2.2 (3.5)

0.92 (0.84; 1.00)

0.059

0.96 (0.86; 1.06)

0.41

 Group 4

2.3 (3.8)

0.93 (0.86; 1.00)

0.047

1.00 (0.91; 1.10)

0.99

CDR-SOB, mean (SD)

 Group 1

11.5 (3.8)

1.00 (0.87; 1.16)

0.97

0.98 (0.83; 1.17)

0.85

 Group 2

11.6 (3.4)

    

 Group 3

10.8 (4.0)

0.96 (0.88; 1.05)

0.41

0.92 (0.83; 1.03)

0.15

 Group 4

10.1 (3.8)

0.89 (0.82; 0.96)

0.004

0.85 (0.77; 0.94)

0.002

NPI agitation, mean (SD)

 Group 1

4.7 (7.6)

1.03 (0.97; 1.10)

0.38

1.00 (0.92; 1.09)

0.99

 Group 2

4.3 (7.1)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

5.1 (7.5)

1.03 (0.99; 1.07)

0.23

1.02 (0.96; 1.08)

0.57

 Group 4

5.8 (8.3)

1.04 (1.00; 1.07)

0.04

1.06 (1.00; 1.11)

0.04

NPI psychosis, mean (SD)

 Group 1

2.8 (5.7)

1.07 (0.97; 1.17)

0.18

1.08 (0.96; 1.21)

0.22

 Group 2

1.7 (4.0)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

2.2 (4.5)

1.04 (0.98; 1.12)

0.20

1.04 (0.94; 1.14)

0.44

 Group 4

2.1 (4.7)

1.05 (0.99; 1.11)

0.13

1.05 (0.97; 1.14)

0.65

NPI affective, mean (SD)

 Group 1

4.4 (6.1)

1.02 (0.94; 1.10)

0.67

1.02 (0.94; 1.12)

0.63

 Group 2

4.1 (6.1)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

4.2 (5.9)

1.01 (0.96; 1.06)

0.84

1.00 (0.94; 1.07)

0.93

Group 4

3.2 (5.5)

0.97 (0.93; 1.03)

0.31

0.97 (0.91; 1.03)

0.32

NPI apathy, mean (SD)

 Group 1

1.6 (2.5)

0.96 (0.79; 1.16)

0.64

0.92 (0.75; 1.13)

0.42

 Group 2

1.6 (3.0)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

1.0 (2.3)

0.92 (0.81; 1.05)

0.22

0.95 (0.83; 1.10)

0.50

 Group 4

0.6 (2.0)

0.79 (0.67; 0.94)

0.008

0.86 (0.72; 1.02)

0.09

Staff-to-resident ratio, mean (SD)

 Group 1

0.31 (0.06)

0.78 (0.00; 390.8)

0.94

0.35 (0.00; 532.6)

0.78

 Group 2

0.32 (0.08)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

0.34 (0.13)

4.75 (0.25; 91.3)

0.30

0.34 (0.01; 11.7)

0.55

 Group 4

0.32 (0.08)

1.80 (0.09; 35.2)

0.70

0.30 (0.01; 8.9)

0.49

Unit size, mean (SD)

 Group 1

13.1 (6.7)

1.04 (0.95; 1.13)

0.39

1.05 (0.96; 1.16)

0.29

 Group 2

11.2 (4.9)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

9.1 (3.1)

0.86 (0.77; 0.97)

0.01

0.91 (0.81; 1.02)

0.10

 Group 4

10.0 (4.4)

0.89 (0.81; 0.97)

0.01

0.94 (0.86; 1.02)

0.15

SCUEQS, mean (SD)

 Group 1

25.2 (4.6)

0.99 (0.88; 1.10)

0.81

1.00 (0.89; 1.12)

0.97

 Group 2

25.0 (4.7)

1

 

1

 

 Group 3

25.9 (4.2)

1.03 (0.97; 1.11)

0.33

0.99 (0.91; 1.06)

0.69

 Group 4

26.9 (4.7)

1.10 (1.03; 1.17)

0.003

1.06 (0.99; 1.14)

0.12

  1. Results of nominal regression: bivariate models include one characteristic at a time, multiple model includes all characteristics simultaneously
  2. aCases with at least one missing value on covariates were excluded (Group 1 n = 16, Group 2 n = 326, Group 3 n = 47, and Group 4 n = 64)
  3. OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, SD Standard Deviation, GMHR General Medical Health Rating (dichotomized excellent/good versus fair/poor), SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery (0–12), MOBID-2 Mobilization-Observation-Behaviour-Intensity-Dementia Pain Scale Part 1 (0–50) and Part 2 (0–50), CDR-SOB Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (0–18), NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory agitation (agitation/aggression, disinhibition, irritability, 0–36), psychosis (delusions, hallucinations, 0–24), affective symptoms (depression, anxiety, 0–24), and apathy (apathy, 0–12), SCUEQS Special Care Unit Environmental Quality Scale (0–41)