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Table 4 Generalized estimating equation analysis of frailty predicting subjective age

From: Bidirectional relationship between subjective age and frailty: a prospective cohort study

Models

Concurrent associationa

Lagged associationa

Model 1

 Frailty

  Robust (reference group)

1.00

1.00

  Pre-frailty and frailty

1.019 (1.014–1.024) ***

1.007 (1.002–1.012) **

Model 2

 Frailty

  Robust (reference group)

1.00

1.00

  Pre-frailty and frailty

1.021 (1.016–1.026) ***

1.008 (1.003–1.013) **

Model 3

 Frailty

  Robust (reference group)

1.00

1.00

  Pre-frailty and frailty

1.014 (1.007–1.020) ***

1.004 (0.998–1.010)

  1. Model 1: independent variable of interest
  2. Model 2: Model 1 + demographic covariates (chronological age, sex, race, education, living arrangement)
  3. Model 3: Model 2 + health-related covariates (pain, depression, number of ADLs/IADLs, BMI, health status, number of chronic illnesses, hospitalized, fall, smoking, dementia, vigorous activities)
  4. aExponentiated coefficient and 95 % confidence interval were reported here
  5. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001