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Table 3 Baseline characteristics of participants by frailty categories (N = 2,592)

From: Bidirectional relationship between subjective age and frailty: a prospective cohort study

Characteristics

Total

Robust (n = 957)

Pre-frail (n = 1,228)

Frail (n = 407)

P values

Age, years, mean (SD)

75.2 (6.8)

74.1 (6.5)

76.0 (6.8)

76.6 (7.1)

< 0.001

Sex (Female), n (%)

1,495 (57.7)

611 (52.5)

732 (61.1)

152 (66.4)

< 0.001

Race, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 White, non-Hispanic

1,976 (76.2)

942 (80.9)

907 (75.7)

127 (55.5)

 

 Black, non-Hispanic

458 (17.7)

161 (13.8)

223 (18.6)

74 (32.3)

 

 Indian/Asian/Native/Hawaii

48 (1.9)

23 (2.0)

21 (1.8)

4 (1.8)

 

 Hispanic

105 (4.1)

39 (3.3)

43 (3.6)

23 (10.0)

 

 Other

5 (0.2)

0

4 (0.3)

1 (0.4)

 

Education, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 Less than high school

484 (18.7)

137 (11.8)

260 (21.7)

87 (38.0)

 

 High school graduates

691 (26.7)

275 (23.6)

359 (30.0)

57 (24.9)

 

 College or vocational school

673 (26.0)

296 (25.4)

320 (26.7)

57 (24.9)

 

 Bachelor or higher

744 (28.7)

457 (39.2)

259 (21.6)

28 (12.2)

 

Living arrangement, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 Alone

821 (31.8)

346 (29.8)

395 (33.1)

80 (35.2)

 

 With spouse/partner only

1,218 (47.1)

637 (54.8)

507 (42.4)

74 (32.6)

 

 With others only

308 (11.9)

100 (8.6)

161 (13.5)

47 (20.7)

 

 With spouse/partner and others

237 (9.2)

79 (6.8)

132 (11.0)

26 (11.5)

 

Pain, n (%)

1,408 (54.3)

470 (40.3)

749 (62.5)

189 (82.5)

< 0.001

Depressive symptoms, n (%)

262 (10.1)

51 (4.4)

147 (12.3)

64 (28.2)

< 0.001

Number of ADLs, mean (SD)

0.3 (0.7)

0.08 (0.3)

0.3 (0.7)

1.2 (1.3)

< 0.001

Number of IADLs, mean (SD)

0.6 (1.1)

0.2 (0.5)

0.7 (1.1)

2.0 (1.8)

< 0.001

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%)

807 (31.4)

290 (25.0)

422 (35.5)

95 (42.0)

< 0.001

Health status, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 Excellent

413 (15.9)

288 (24.7)

120 (10.0)

5 (2.2)

 

 Very good

852 (32.9)

488 (41.9)

340 (28.4)

24 (10.5)

 

 Good

826 (31.9)

321 (27.6)

438 (36.6)

67 (29.2)

 

 Fair

392 (15.1)

62 (5.3)

243 (20.3)

87 (38.0)

 

 Poor

108 (4.2)

6 (0.5)

56 (4.7)

46 (20.1)

 

Number of chronic illnesses, mean (SD)

2.4 (1.5)

1.9 (1.3)

2.7 (1.5)

3.5 (1.6)

< 0.001

Hospitalized, n (%)

484 (18.7)

127 (11.0)

281 (23.5)

76 (33.3)

< 0.001

Fall, n (%)

707 (27.3)

222 (19.1)

373 (31.2)

112 (49.1)

< 0.001

Smoking, n (%)

1,324 (51.1)

588 (50.5)

612 (51.1)

124 (54.2)

0.596

Dementia, n (%)

33 (1.3)

9 (0.8)

17 (1.4)

7 (3.1)

0.016

Vigorous activities, n (%)

1,151 (44.4)

766 (65.8)

366 (30.6)

19 (8.3)

< 0.001

  1. SD Standard Deviation, ADL Activities of Daily Living, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, BMI Body Mass Index