From: Bidirectional relationship between subjective age and frailty: a prospective cohort study
Characteristics | Total | Robust (n = 957) | Pre-frail (n = 1,228) | Frail (n = 407) | P values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean (SD) | 75.2 (6.8) | 74.1 (6.5) | 76.0 (6.8) | 76.6 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
Sex (Female), n (%) | 1,495 (57.7) | 611 (52.5) | 732 (61.1) | 152 (66.4) | < 0.001 |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 1,976 (76.2) | 942 (80.9) | 907 (75.7) | 127 (55.5) | |
Black, non-Hispanic | 458 (17.7) | 161 (13.8) | 223 (18.6) | 74 (32.3) | |
Indian/Asian/Native/Hawaii | 48 (1.9) | 23 (2.0) | 21 (1.8) | 4 (1.8) | |
Hispanic | 105 (4.1) | 39 (3.3) | 43 (3.6) | 23 (10.0) | |
Other | 5 (0.2) | 0 | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Less than high school | 484 (18.7) | 137 (11.8) | 260 (21.7) | 87 (38.0) | |
High school graduates | 691 (26.7) | 275 (23.6) | 359 (30.0) | 57 (24.9) | |
College or vocational school | 673 (26.0) | 296 (25.4) | 320 (26.7) | 57 (24.9) | |
Bachelor or higher | 744 (28.7) | 457 (39.2) | 259 (21.6) | 28 (12.2) | |
Living arrangement, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Alone | 821 (31.8) | 346 (29.8) | 395 (33.1) | 80 (35.2) | |
With spouse/partner only | 1,218 (47.1) | 637 (54.8) | 507 (42.4) | 74 (32.6) | |
With others only | 308 (11.9) | 100 (8.6) | 161 (13.5) | 47 (20.7) | |
With spouse/partner and others | 237 (9.2) | 79 (6.8) | 132 (11.0) | 26 (11.5) | |
Pain, n (%) | 1,408 (54.3) | 470 (40.3) | 749 (62.5) | 189 (82.5) | < 0.001 |
Depressive symptoms, n (%) | 262 (10.1) | 51 (4.4) | 147 (12.3) | 64 (28.2) | < 0.001 |
Number of ADLs, mean (SD) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.08 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.7) | 1.2 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
Number of IADLs, mean (SD) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.7 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 807 (31.4) | 290 (25.0) | 422 (35.5) | 95 (42.0) | < 0.001 |
Health status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Excellent | 413 (15.9) | 288 (24.7) | 120 (10.0) | 5 (2.2) | |
Very good | 852 (32.9) | 488 (41.9) | 340 (28.4) | 24 (10.5) | |
Good | 826 (31.9) | 321 (27.6) | 438 (36.6) | 67 (29.2) | |
Fair | 392 (15.1) | 62 (5.3) | 243 (20.3) | 87 (38.0) | |
Poor | 108 (4.2) | 6 (0.5) | 56 (4.7) | 46 (20.1) | |
Number of chronic illnesses, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
Hospitalized, n (%) | 484 (18.7) | 127 (11.0) | 281 (23.5) | 76 (33.3) | < 0.001 |
Fall, n (%) | 707 (27.3) | 222 (19.1) | 373 (31.2) | 112 (49.1) | < 0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 1,324 (51.1) | 588 (50.5) | 612 (51.1) | 124 (54.2) | 0.596 |
Dementia, n (%) | 33 (1.3) | 9 (0.8) | 17 (1.4) | 7 (3.1) | 0.016 |
Vigorous activities, n (%) | 1,151 (44.4) | 766 (65.8) | 366 (30.6) | 19 (8.3) | < 0.001 |