Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by subjective age categories (N = 2,592)
From: Bidirectional relationship between subjective age and frailty: a prospective cohort study
Characteristics | Total | Equal (n = 462) | Younger (n = 1,989) | Older (n = 141) | p values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean (SD) | 75.2 (6.8) | 75.4 (6.7) | 75.3 (6.8) | 73.4 (6.0) | 0.004 |
Sex (Female), n (%) | 1,495 (57.7) | 269 (58.2) | 1,139 (57.3) | 87 (61.7) | 0.568 |
Race, n (%) | 0.693 | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 1,976 (76.2) | 337 (72.9) | 1,536 (77.2) | 103 (73.0) | |
Black, non-Hispanic | 458 (17.7) | 95 (20.6) | 334 (16.8) | 29 (20.6) | |
Indian/Asian/Native/Hawaii | 48 (1.9) | 8 (1.7) | 37(1.9) | 3 (2.1) | |
Hispanic | 105 (4.0) | 21 (4.6) | 78 (3.9) | 6 (4.3) | |
Other | 5 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0 | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Less than high school | 484 (18.7) | 98 (21.2) | 345 (17.4) | 41 (29.1) | |
High school graduates | 691 (26.7) | 148 (32.0) | 498 (25.0) | 45 (31.9) | |
College or vocational school | 673 (25.9) | 103 (22.3) | 535 (26.9) | 35 (24.8) | |
Bachelor or higher | 744 (28.7) | 113 (24.5) | 611 (30.7) | 20 (14.2) | |
Living arrangement, n (%) | 0.013 | ||||
Alone | 821 (31.8) | 165 (35.7) | 621 (31.3) | 35 (25.0) | |
With spouse/partner only | 1,218 (47.1) | 193 (41.8) | 961 (48.5) | 64 (45.7) | |
With others only | 308 (11.9) | 56 (12.1) | 225 (11.4) | 27 (19.3) | |
With spouse/partner and others | 237 (9.2) | 48 (10.4) | 175 (8.8) | 14 (10.0) | |
Pain, n (%) | 1,408 (54.3) | 291 (63.0) | 1,013 (50.9) | 104 (73.8) | < 0.001 |
Depressive symptoms, n (%) | 262 (10.1) | 60 (13.1) | 156 (7.8) | 46 (32.9) | < 0.001 |
Number of ADLs, mean (SD) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.8 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
Number of IADLs, mean (SD) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.4 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 807 (31.3) | 180 (39.4) | 560 (28.3) | 67 (47.9) | < 0.001 |
Health status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Excellent | 413 (15.9) | 32 (6.9) | 379 (19.0) | 2 (1.4) | |
Very good | 852 (32.9) | 110 (23.9) | 719 (36.1) | 23 (16.3) | |
Good | 826 (31.9) | 189 (41.0) | 596 (30.0) | 41 (29.1) | |
Fair | 392 (15.1) | 99 (21.5) | 244 (12.3) | 49 (34.8) | |
Poor | 108 (4.2) | 31 (6.7) | 51 (2.6) | 26 (18.4) | |
Number of chronic illnesses, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
Hospitalized, n (%) | 484 (18.7) | 96 (20.8) | 347 (17.5) | 41 (29.1) | 0.001 |
Fall, n (%) | 707 (27.3) | 144 (31.2) | 501 (25.2) | 62 (44.0) | < 0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 1,324 (51.1) | 233 (50.4) | 1,009 (50.7) | 82 (58.2) | 0.223 |
Dementia, n (%) | 33 (1.3) | 8 (1.7) | 22 (1.1) | 3 (2.1) | 0.362 |
Vigorous activities, n (%) | 1,151 (44.4) | 168 (36.4) | 950 (47.8) | 33 (23.4) | < 0.001 |