Table 2 Bivariate and logistic regression estimates for major depression among older adults in India

Age (in years)

  Young old (60–69)

8.41

Ref.

  Old old (70–79)

8.42

0.788*** (0.676–0.918)

  Oldest old (80+)

10.79

0.805* (0.623–1.040)

Sex

*

  Male

7.5

Ref.

  Female

9.71

1.136 (0.967–1.333)

Educational status

*

  No/primary education

9.55

Ref.

  Secondary

6.39

0.903 (0.745–1.095)

  Higher

5.56

0.771 (0.561–1.059)

Marital status

*

  Currently in union

7.77

Ref.

  Not in union

10.13

1.211** (1.020–1.438)

Living arrangement

*

  Alone

13.51

Ref.

  With spouse

8.56

0.785 (0.570–1.082)

  Others

8.32

0.718** (0.548–0.939)

Working status

*

  Never/Not working

9.17

Ref.

  Currently working

7.87

1.190** (1.007–1.406)

  Retired

7.74

1.302* (0.954–1.776)

Self-rated health

*

  Good

6.19

Ref.

  Poor

16.42

2.586*** (2.237–2.989)

ADL difficulty

*

  No

6.69

Ref.

  Yes

15.34

1.736*** (1.451–2.077)

IADL difficulty

*

  No

5.58

Ref.

  Yes

12.06

1.694*** (1.429–2.007)

MPCE quintile

*

  Poorest

8.88

Ref.

  Poorer

7.92

0.916 (0.759–1.105)

  Middle

8.17

1.035 (0.825–1.298)

  Richer

8.74

1.111 (0.900–1.371)

  Richest

9.92

1.337*** (1.088–1.642)

Religion

*

  Hindu

8.6

Ref.

  Muslim

9.63

1.049 (0.843–1.305)

  Others

7.94

0.93(0.53,1.64)

Caste

*

  SC/ST

8.48

Ref.

  OBC

9.25

1.282*** (1.080–1.520)

  Others

7.9

1.056 (0.873–1.278)

Place of residence

*

  Rural

9.62

Ref.

  Urban

6.34

0.826** (0.698–0.978)

Region

*

  North

6.8

Ref.

  Central

14.53

2.275*** (1.840–2.813)

  East

8.28

1.052 (0.864–1.281)

  Northeast

5.63

0.813 (0.600–1.101)

  West

5.82

0.599*** (0.474–0.758)

  South

7.69

1.078 (0.856–1.358)

Total

8.67