Skip to main content

Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios of factors associated with LTC certification before and after variable selection

From: Factors associated with long-term care certification in older adults: a cross-sectional study based on a nationally representative survey in Japan

 

Model 1a

Model 1Ab

Model 2c

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Intercept

0.02 (0.01–0.03)

< 0.001

0.02 (0.01–0.02)

< 0.001

0.02 (0.01–0.03)

< 0.001

Predisposing factors

 Sex (women vs men)

0.79 (0.50–1.25)

0.320

0.78 (0.50–1.23)

0.291

0.74 (0.48–1.15)

0.184

 Age, years (vs 65–69)

  70–74

1.93 (1.29–2.89)

0.001

1.97 (1.32–2.93)

< 0.001

2.05 (1.40–3.00)

< 0.001

  75–79

1.88 (1.24–2.84)

0.003

1.90 (1.26–2.85)

0.002

2.29 (1.56–3.36)

< 0.001

  80–84

4.58 (3.08–6.79)

< 0.001

4.57 (3.09–6.76)

< 0.001

5.57 (3.86–8.03)

< 0.001

  85–89

6.43 (4.14–9.98)

< 0.001

6.40 (4.14–9.89)

< 0.001

7.75 (5.19–11.56)

< 0.001

  ≥ 90

20.61 (11.99–35.44)

< 0.001

20.59 (12.00–35.33)

< 0.001

19.93 (12.07–32.91)

< 0.001

 Interaction age × sexd

  Women ×  70–74

0.94 (0.53–1.67)

0.832

0.92 (0.52–1.63)

0.783

0.87 (0.50–1.50)

0.614

  Women ×  75–79

1.28 (0.72–2.25)

0.400

1.29 (0.73–2.26)

0.377

1.20 (0.71–2.04)

0.497

  Women ×  80–84

1.21 (0.70–2.07)

0.493

1.21 (0.71–2.08)

0.479

1.07 (0.64–1.77)

0.804

  Women × 85–89

2.49 (1.41–4.41)

0.002

2.49 (1.41–4.39)

0.002

2.32 (1.37–3.94)

0.002

  Women × ≥ 90

1.67 (0.86–3.23)

0.128

1.64 (0.85–3.16)

0.142

1.81 (0.98–3.36)

0.060

  Education level (>9 vs ≤ 9 years)

0.86 (0.73–1.01)

0.067

0.87 (0.74–1.01)

0.073

0.85 (0.74–0.98)

0.025

Enabling factors

 Equivalent disposable incomee

1.00 (0.85–1.17)

0.982

  

1.01 (0.87–1.16)

0.924

 (≥ ¥100,000 vs < ¥100,000)

 Type of housing (rented vs owned)

1.18 (0.99–1.41)

0.071

1.21 (1.02–1.44)

0.030

1.24 (1.05–1.45)

0.010

 Presence of a spouse (yes vs no)

0.42 (0.35–0.49)

< 0.001

0.42 (0.36–0.50)

< 0.001

0.48 (0.41–0.55)

< 0.001

 Household structure

0.91 (0.78–1.06)

0.213

  

1.02 (0.89–1.17)

0.795

 (Others vs single or couple-only)

 Presence of children living separately (yes vs no)

1.21 (1.04–1.41)

0.015

1.23 (1.06–1.42)

0.007

1.22 (1.06–1.40)

0.006

Need factors

 Subjective symptoms

 Number of symptoms (≥3 vs 0–2)

    

1.31 (1.14–1.51)

< 0.001

  Fever

1.15 (0.60–2.21)

0.665

    

  Lethargic

0.84 (0.63–1.11)

0.208

    

  Do not sleep well

1.33 (1.02–1.74)

0.038

1.35 (1.05–1.75)

0.021

  

  Irritable

0.97 (0.66–1.41)

0.854

    

  Forgetful

0.79 (0.63–0.98)

0.036

0.80 (0.65–0.99)

0.043

  

  Headache

1.12 (0.78–1.61)

0.529

    

  Dizziness

1.05 (0.77–1.45)

0.745

    

  Blurred vision

0.87 (0.70–1.10)

0.250

    

  Difficulty in seeing

1.15 (0.90–1.46)

0.257

    

  Ringing ears

0.72 (0.53–0.97)

0.029

0.71 (0.53–0.95)

0.022

  

  Difficulty in hearing

0.85 (0.68–1.06)

0.147

0.86 (0.69–1.06)

0.152

  

  Palpitations

0.78 (0.56–1.10)

0.163

0.78 (0.56–1.08)

0.139

  

  Short-winded

0.75 (0.54–1.04)

0.084

0.77 (0.56–1.06)

0.109

  

  Pain in chest

0.78 (0.49–1.24)

0.293

    

  Cough, phlegmatic

1.48 (1.15–1.89)

0.002

1.46 (1.15–1.86)

0.002

  

  Blocked/runny nose

0.82 (0.60–1.12)

0.215

0.81 (0.60–1.09)

0.165

  

  Wheezing

1.52 (1.00–2.28)

0.048

1.48 (1.00–2.18)

0.051

  

  Stomach upset/heartburn

0.73 (0.51–1.05)

0.094

0.74 (0.52–1.04)

0.086

  

  Diarrhoea

2.04 (1.38–3.00)

< 0.001

2.15 (1.48–3.13)

< 0.001

  

  Constipation

0.90 (0.72–1.14)

0.392

    

  Loss of appetite

1.27 (0.87–1.85)

0.223

    

  Abdominal pain/stomachache

1.13 (0.72–1.77)

0.594

    

  Painful/bleeding hemorrhoids

1.29 (0.78–2.13)

0.326

    

  Toothache

0.82 (0.53–1.26)

0.364

    

  Swollen/bleeding gums

1.14 (0.77–1.67)

0.517

    

  Difficulty in chewing

1.18 (0.90–1.54)

0.238

    

  Rash

0.87 (0.54–1.40)

0.558

    

  Itching

1.05 (0.80–1.39)

0.705

    

  Joint pain in hands/feet

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

0.313

    

  Difficulty in limb movement

2.07 (1.70–2.53)

< 0.001

2.08 (1.72–2.51)

< 0.001

  

  Numb limbs

1.35 (1.08–1.69)

0.008

1.34 (1.08–1.67)

0.007

  

  Cold limbs

1.04 (0.80–1.34)

0.783

    

  Swollen/heavy feet

1.42 (1.12–1.80)

0.004

1.43 (1.13–1.79)

0.002

  

  Difficulty in/painful urination

1.00 (0.68–1.48)

0.988

    

  Frequent urination

1.12 (0.89–1.42)

0.336

    

  Incontinence

1.61 (1.23–2.11)

< 0.001

1.61 (1.24–2.09)

< 0.001

  

  Injury including cut, burn

0.60 (0.28–1.29)

0.195

    

 Regular hospital visits (yes vs no)

 Number of diseases (≥3 vs 0–2)

    

1.47 (1.28–1.69)

< 0.001

  Diabetes

1.60 (1.31–1.96)

< 0.001

1.60 (1.32–1.96)

< 0.001

  

  Obesity

0.65 (0.30–1.40)

0.270

0.60 (0.28–1.28)

0.187

  

  Hyperlipidemia

0.95 (0.73–1.23)

0.686

    

  Thyroid disease

0.94 (0.58–1.51)

0.794

    

  Mental illness

1.42 (0.90–2.24)

0.132

1.40 (0.90–2.20)

0.138

  

  Dementia

14.62 (11.05–19.35)

< 0.001

14.34 (10.87–18.93)

< 0.001

  

  Parkinson’s disease

4.37 (2.54–7.51)

< 0.001

4.15 (2.42–7.11)

< 0.001

  

  Other nervous disorders

2.57 (1.69–3.89)

< 0.001

2.49 (1.65–3.76)

< 0.001

  

  Eye disease

0.78 (0.64–0.95)

0.016

0.78 (0.64–0.94)

0.010

  

  Ear disease

0.75 (0.49–1.14)

0.181

0.75 (0.49–1.14)

0.176

  

  Hypertension

0.66 (0.57–0.77)

< 0.001

0.66 (0.57–0.77)

< 0.001

  

  Stroke

6.90 (5.48–8.67)

< 0.001

6.90 (5.49–8.65)

< 0.001

  

  Ischemic heart disease

1.12 (0.86–1.45)

0.392

    

  Other circulatory diseases

0.90 (0.67–1.20)

0.466

    

  Cold

0.59 (0.21–1.63)

0.305

    

  Allergic rhinitis

0.77 (0.45–1.32)

0.334

    

  COPD

3.44 (1.65–7.18)

0.001

3.51 (1.69–7.30)

< 0.001

  

  Asthma

1.04 (0.64–1.71)

0.865

    

  Other respiratory diseases

1.62 (1.11–2.38)

0.013

1.55 (1.06–2.26)

0.022

  

  Stomach/duodenum disease

0.63 (0.43–0.93)

0.020

0.67 (0.46–0.98)

0.040

  

  Liver/gall bladder disease

1.34 (0.89–2.01)

0.167

    

  Other digestive diseases

1.08 (0.73–1.62)

0.691

    

  Dental diseases

0.54 (0.38–0.76)

< 0.001

0.55 (0.40–0.76)

< 0.001

  

  Atopic dermatitis

1.51 (0.60–3.80)

0.381

    

  Other skin disease

1.40 (0.93–2.11)

0.104

1.43 (0.98–2.09)

0.063

  

  Gout

0.71 (0.35–1.44)

0.347

    

  Rheumatoid arthritis

2.66 (1.78–3.98)

< 0.001

2.58 (1.74–3.81)

< 0.001

  

  Arthropathy

1.05 (0.80–1.38)

0.711

    

  Stiff shoulder

0.60 (0.43–0.83)

0.002

0.61 (0.45–0.83)

0.001

  

  Low back pain

1.02 (0.83–1.26)

0.851

    

  Osteoporosis

1.37 (1.08–1.75)

0.011

1.39 (1.09–1.76)

0.007

  

  Kidney disease

2.16 (1.53–3.06)

< 0.001

2.22 (1.59–3.11)

< 0.001

  

  Prostatic hyperplasia

1.26 (0.90–1.78)

0.182

1.31 (0.94–1.83)

0.108

  

  Menopause or postmenopausal disorders

2.04 (0.25–16.40)

0.501

    

  Fracture

2.96 (2.03–4.29)

< 0.001

2.85 (1.97–4.13)

< 0.001

  

  Injury other than fracture/burn

1.35 (0.69–2.61)

0.378

    

  Anemia/blood disorder

1.34 (0.82–2.19)

0.236

    

  Cancer

0.94 (0.54–1.63)

0.828

    

 Consult about worries and stress with (yes vs no)

  Family

1.66 (1.40–1.97)

< 0.001

1.65 (1.40–1.95)

< 0.001

1.65 (1.42–1.93)

< 0.001

  Friends/acquaintances

0.69 (0.53–0.90)

0.006

0.69 (0.53–0.90)

0.005

0.66 (0.52–0.84)

< 0.001

  Boss at work/teacher at school

2.47 (0.29–21.17)

0.409

  

1.81 (0.29–11.32)

0.525

  Public institutions

3.36 (2.43–4.64)

< 0.001

3.31 (2.40–4.55)

< 0.001

3.70 (2.79–4.89)

< 0.001

  Doctors

1.54 (1.28–1.85)

< 0.001

1.52 (1.27–1.82)

< 0.001

1.94 (1.65–2.28)

< 0.001

  Other than above

1.38 (0.92–2.05)

0.115

1.41 (0.95–2.08)

0.085

1.57 (1.10–2.22)

0.012

  Cannot consult anyone

1.26 (0.75–2.11)

0.382

  

1.35 (0.85–2.12)

0.201

  Do not know where to consult

1.26 (0.68–2.34)

0.460

  

1.21 (0.70–2.08)

0.496

  No need to consult

0.99 (0.75–1.31)

0.959

  

1.01 (0.78–1.31)

0.938

 K6 total score (≥13 vs < 13)

1.76 (1.32–2.36)

< 0.001

1.83 (1.38–2.43)

< 0.001

2.56 (2.01–3.26)

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: LTC long-term care, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. aModel1 before variable selection
  3. bModel1A after variable selection
  4. cModel2 Subjective symptoms and regular hospital visits were clustered into ≥3 or 0–2 symptoms/diseases
  5. dInteraction term between sex and age groups
  6. eThe disposable income of a household divided by the square root of the number of people in the household
Back to article page

BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

Contact us