Total | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
Predisposing factors | ||||||
Sex (women vs men) | 1.74 (1.56–1.93) | < 0.001 | – | – | – | – |
Age, years (vs 65–69) | ||||||
70–74 | 1.88 (1.48–2.39) | < 0.001 | 1.80 (1.29–2.51) | < 0.001 | 1.98 (1.41–2.79) | < 0.001 |
75–79 | 3.35 (2.67–4.20) | < 0.001 | 2.77 (2.00–3.83) | < 0.001 | 3.96 (2.88–5.45) | < 0.001 |
80–84 | 8.18 (6.60–10.16) | < 0.001 | 7.01 (5.14–9.56) | < 0.001 | 9.39 (6.92–12.75) | < 0.001 |
85–89 | 21.00 (16.91–26.08) | < 0.001 | 10.45 (7.46–14.63) | < 0.001 | 30.32 (22.42–41.02) | < 0.001 |
≥ 90 | 50.00 (39.52–63.26) | < 0.001 | 26.22 (17.34–39.66) | < 0.001 | 63.95 (46.58–87.80) | < 0.001 |
Education level (>9 vs ≤ 9 years) | 0.50 (0.45–0.56) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.44–0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.46–0.60) | < 0.001 |
Enabling factors | ||||||
Equivalent disposable incomea | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.66–0.97) | 0.020 | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | 0.046 |
(≥ ¥100,000 vs < ¥100,000) | ||||||
Type of housing (rented vs owned) | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.16–1.78) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | 0.026 |
Presence of a spouse (yes vs no) | 0.23 (0.21–0.26) | < 0.001 | 0.35 (0.29–0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.18 (0.16–0.21) | < 0.001 |
Household structure | 1.49 (1.35–1.64) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) | 0.127 | 1.62 (1.43–1.83) | < 0.001 |
(Others vs single or couple-only) | ||||||
Presence of children living separately (yes vs no) | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) | 0.143 | 1.26 (1.11–1.44) | < 0.001 |
Need factors | ||||||
Subjective symptoms | ||||||
Number of symptoms (≥3 vs 0–2) | 2.59 (2.35–2.86) | < 0.001 | 2.40 (2.01–2.85) | < 0.001 | 2.62 (2.32–2.96) | < 0.001 |
Fever | 3.77 (2.58–5.51) | < 0.001 | 4.39 (2.26–8.52) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (2.12–5.37) | < 0.001 |
Lethargic | 2.30 (1.96–2.70) | < 0.001 | 2.18 (1.62–2.93) | < 0.001 | 2.27 (1.87–2.75) | < 0.001 |
Do not sleep well | 2.26 (1.93–2.66) | < 0.001 | 2.06 (1.49–2.85) | < 0.001 | 2.18 (1.81–2.63) | < 0.001 |
Irritable | 1.88 (1.50–2.36) | < 0.001 | 2.63 (1.83–3.77) | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.15–2.05) | 0.004 |
Forgetful | 3.43 (3.04–3.87) | < 0.001 | 3.00 (2.41–3.75) | < 0.001 | 3.50 (3.03–4.04) | < 0.001 |
Headache | 1.99 (1.60–2.46) | < 0.001 | 1.87 (1.17–2.98) | 0.009 | 1.83 (1.43–2.33) | < 0.001 |
Dizziness | 2.12 (1.75–2.58) | < 0.001 | 2.22 (1.54–3.20) | < 0.001 | 1.96 (1.56–2.46) | < 0.001 |
Blurred vision | 1.66 (1.45–1.90) | < 0.001 | 1.72 (1.34–2.20) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.33–1.84) | < 0.001 |
Difficulty in seeing | 2.44 (2.13–2.80) | < 0.001 | 2.53 (1.98–3.24) | < 0.001 | 2.32 (1.97–2.74) | < 0.001 |
Ringing ears | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 0.424 | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | 0.558 | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 0.677 |
Difficulty in hearing | 2.60 (2.29–2.94) | < 0.001 | 1.86 (1.47–2.36) | < 0.001 | 3.03 (2.60–3.52) | < 0.001 |
Palpitations | 2.13 (1.75–2.60) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.04–2.34) | 0.030 | 2.32 (1.84–2.91) | < 0.001 |
Short-winded | 2.20 (1.84–2.63) | < 0.001 | 2.16 (1.61–2.89) | < 0.001 | 2.39 (1.90–3.00) | < 0.001 |
Pain in chest | 2.11 (1.59–2.79) | < 0.001 | 1.59 (0.91–2.76) | 0.102 | 2.33 (1.68–3.24) | < 0.001 |
Cough, phlegmatic | 2.29 (1.98–2.64) | < 0.001 | 2.85 (2.27–3.56) | < 0.001 | 2.14 (1.76–2.60) | < 0.001 |
Blocked/runny nose | 1.55 (1.28–1.87) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.13–2.08) | 0.006 | 1.69 (1.33–2.15) | < 0.001 |
Wheezing | 3.25 (2.56–4.13) | < 0.001 | 3.86 (2.70–5.50) | < 0.001 | 3.15 (2.27–4.37) | < 0.001 |
Stomach upset/heartburn | 1.18 (0.95–1.47) | 0.140 | 1.07 (0.70–1.63) | 0.750 | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | 0.185 |
Diarrhoea | 2.97 (2.33–3.78) | < 0.001 | 2.53 (1.69–3.80) | < 0.001 | 3.55 (2.61–4.83) | < 0.001 |
Constipation | 2.26 (1.97–2.60) | < 0.001 | 2.53 (2.00–3.21) | < 0.001 | 2.10 (1.77–2.49) | < 0.001 |
Loss of appetite | 3.76 (2.98–4.73) | < 0.001 | 3.49 (2.33–5.24) | < 0.001 | 3.89 (2.93–5.17) | < 0.001 |
Abdominal pain/stomachache | 2.19 (1.67–2.87) | < 0.001 | 2.65 (1.68–4.17) | < 0.001 | 1.94 (1.39–2.73) | < 0.001 |
Painful/bleeding hemorrhoids | 1.68 (1.19–2.36) | 0.003 | 1.91 (1.15–3.18) | 0.012 | 1.69 (1.06–2.69) | 0.027 |
Toothache | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 0.175 | 1.29 (0.80–2.06) | 0.298 | 1.20 (0.84–1.72) | 0.308 |
Swollen/bleeding gums | 1.30 (1.00–1.67) | 0.046 | 1.38 (0.90–2.13) | 0.142 | 1.25 (0.91–1.72) | 0.159 |
Difficulty in chewing | 2.32 (1.97–2.72) | < 0.001 | 2.22 (1.67–2.96) | < 0.001 | 2.33 (1.92–2.83) | < 0.001 |
Rash | 1.98 (1.50–2.62) | < 0.001 | 2.05 (1.28–3.27) | 0.003 | 1.97 (1.39–2.79) | < 0.001 |
Itching | 1.93 (1.65–2.27) | < 0.001 | 1.97 (1.53–2.55) | < 0.001 | 2.11 (1.71–2.60) | < 0.001 |
Joint pain in hands/feet | 2.07 (1.83–2.33) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.44–2.32) | < 0.001 | 2.00 (1.74–2.30) | < 0.001 |
Difficulty in limb movement | 5.77 (5.14–6.47) | < 0.001 | 6.97 (5.69–8.54) | < 0.001 | 5.01 (4.35–5.77) | < 0.001 |
Numb limbs | 2.53(2.22–2.90) | < 0.001 | 2.70 (2.14–3.39) | < 0.001 | 2.45 (2.08–2.89) | < 0.001 |
Cold limbs | 2.87 (2.48–3.32) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (2.59–4.41) | < 0.001 | 2.51 (2.11–2.99) | < 0.001 |
Swollen/heavy feet | 3.86 (3.37–4.43) | < 0.001 | 4.63 (3.56–6.01) | < 0.001 | 3.31 (2.82–3.88) | < 0.001 |
Difficulty in/painful urination | 2.12 (1.67–2.69) | < 0.001 | 2.10 (1.51–2.91) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (2.34–4.86) | < 0.001 |
Frequent urination | 2.04 (1.76–2.36) | < 0.001 | 1.73 (1.36–2.20) | < 0.001 | 2.65 (2.19–3.19) | < 0.001 |
Incontinence | 5.19 (4.42–6.10) | < 0.001 | 5.47 (4.05–7.38) | < 0.001 | 4.77 (3.94–5.77) | < 0.001 |
Injury including cut, burn | 2.02 (1.26–3.24) | 0.004 | 1.21 (0.44–3.33) | 0.718 | 2.47 (1.43–4.27) | 0.001 |
Regular hospital visits | ||||||
Number of diseases (≥3 vs 0–2) | 2.36 (2.13–2.61) | < 0.001 | 2.37 (1.99–2.84) | < 0.001 | 2.32 (2.05–2.63) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 1.46 (1.27–1.68) | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.37–2.11) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.22–1.78) | < 0.001 |
Obesity | 1.14 (0.73–1.79) | 0.559 | 1.44 (0.66–3.13) | 0.355 | 0.98 (0.57–1.71) | 0.950 |
Hyperlipidemia | 0.73 (0.61–0.87) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.71–1.41) | 0.994 | 0.58 (0.47–0.72) | < 0.001 |
Thyroid disease | 1.27 (0.92–1.76) | 0.143 | 2.96 (1.56–5.63) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.61–1.31) | 0.564 |
Mental illness | 2.62 (1.95–3.51) | < 0.001 | 2.40 (1.23–4.67) | 0.010 | 2.40 (1.73–3.34) | < 0.001 |
Dementia | 28.41 (23.42–34.47) | < 0.001 | 26.46 (19.23–36.42) | < 0.001 | 28.97 (22.64–37.07) | < 0.001 |
Parkinson’s disease | 9.38 (6.66–13.23) | < 0.001 | 13.81 (8.34–22.86) | < 0.001 | 7.36 (4.60–11.78) | < 0.001 |
Other nervous disorders | 3.55 (2.67–4.71) | < 0.001 | 4.67 (2.93–7.43) | < 0.001 | 3.00 (2.10–4.28) | < 0.001 |
Eye disease | 1.31 (1.15–1.49) | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.08–1.74) | 0.009 | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) | 0.011 |
Ear disease | 1.44 (1.10–1.89) | 0.008 | 0.77 (0.41–1.47) | 0.432 | 1.70 (1.26–2.30) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 0.323 | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | 0.068 | 1.16 (1.03–1.32) | 0.019 |
Stroke | 6.26 (5.36–7.31) | < 0.001 | 8.38 (6.73–10.44) | < 0.001 | 6.10 (4.85–7.69) | < 0.001 |
Ischemic heart disease | 1.83 (1.54–2.18) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.18–2.06) | 0.002 | 2.40 (1.93–3.00) | < 0.001 |
Other circulatory diseases | 1.77 (1.46–2.14) | < 0.001 | 2.25 (1.69–3.01) | < 0.001 | 1.59 (1.23–2.05) | < 0.001 |
Cold | 1.07 (0.54–2.13) | 0.835 | 1.54 (0.55–4.29) | 0.409 | 0.86 (0.34–2.14) | 0.745 |
Allergic rhinitis | 0.70 (0.48–1.02) | 0.060 | 0.69 (0.35–1.35) | 0.277 | 0.70 (0.44–1.10) | 0.121 |
COPD | 3.45 (2.07–5.73) | < 0.001 | 4.27 (2.32–7.85) | < 0.001 | 4.14 (1.60–10.70) | 0.003 |
Asthma | 1.63 (1.20–2.22) | 0.002 | 2.07 (1.26–3.39) | 0.004 | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) | 0.079 |
Other respiratory diseases | 2.23 (1.71–2.89) | < 0.001 | 2.41 (1.62–3.59) | < 0.001 | 2.34 (1.65–3.34) | < 0.001 |
Stomach/duodenum disease | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 0.711 | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | 0.466 | 1.06 (0.77–1.46) | 0.715 |
Liver/gall bladder disease | 1.48 (1.11–1.97) | 0.007 | 1.60 (1.03–2.50) | 0.038 | 1.52 (1.05–2.22) | 0.028 |
Other digestive diseases | 1.82 (1.41–2.36) | < 0.001 | 1.90 (1.25–2.89) | 0.003 | 1.87 (1.34–2.60) | < 0.001 |
Dental diseases | 0.55 (0.44–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.36–0.82) | 0.004 | 0.55 (0.42–0.74) | < 0.001 |
Atopic dermatitis | 1.45 (0.75–2.80) | 0.263 | 1.45 (0.52–4.02) | 0.478 | 1.63 (0.69–3.87) | 0.266 |
Other skin disease | 1.70 (1.32–2.19) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.22–2.61) | 0.003 | 1.89 (1.34–2.66) | < 0.001 |
Gout | 0.68 (0.43–1.08) | 0.101 | 0.71 (0.40–1.24) | 0.228 | 2.22 (0.92–5.37) | 0.077 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.55 (1.93–3.36) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (0.64–3.44) | 0.351 | 2.43 (1.80–3.28) | < 0.001 |
Arthropathy | 1.61 (1.35–1.92) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (0.75–1.80) | 0.515 | 1.55 (1.27–1.89) | < 0.001 |
Stiff shoulder | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 0.301 | 1.05 (0.67–1.65) | 0.825 | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.034 |
Low back pain | 1.44 (1.26–1.64) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.11–1.84) | 0.006 | 1.36 (1.16–1.59) | < 0.001 |
Osteoporosis | 2.72 (2.33–3.18) | < 0.001 | 5.34 (3.09–9.22) | < 0.001 | 2.17 (1.84–2.56) | < 0.001 |
Kidney disease | 2.91 (2.32–3.65) | < 0.001 | 2.85 (2.02–4.02) | < 0.001 | 3.48 (2.56–4.73) | < 0.001 |
Prostatic hyperplasia | 1.12 (0.88–1.42) | 0.364 | 1.66 (1.29–2.14) | < 0.001 | – | – |
Menopause or postmenopausal disorders | 2.56 (0.87–7.49) | 0.087 | – | – | 2.07 (0.71–6.06) | 0.185 |
Fracture | 5.11 (4.01–6.53) | < 0.001 | 4.77 (2.86–7.95) | < 0.001 | 4.76 (3.60–6.30) | < 0.001 |
Injury other than fracture/burn | 1.94 (1.23–3.04) | 0.004 | 1.65 (0.66–4.13) | 0.288 | 1.94 (1.15–3.27) | 0.013 |
Anemia/blood disorder | 2.87 (2.08–3.95) | < 0.001 | 3.28 (1.91–5.62) | < 0.001 | 2.64 (1.78–3.94) | < 0.001 |
Cancer | 0.94 (0.63–1.42) | 0.772 | 0.98 (0.51–1.85) | 0.939 | 1.01 (0.59–1.71) | 0.985 |
Consult about worries and stress with (yes vs no) | ||||||
Family | 2.74 (2.47–3.04) | < 0.001 | 2.97 (2.46–3.59) | < 0.001 | 2.48 (2.18–2.81) | < 0.001 |
Friends/acquaintances | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.261 | 0.88 (0.57–1.35) | 0.563 | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | 0.022 |
Boss at work/teacher at school | 1.18 (0.28–5.01) | 0.825 | 0.00 (0.00- inf) | 0.964 | 2.08 (0.46–9.52) | 0.344 |
Public institutions | 5.52 (4.51–6.75) | < 0.001 | 7.36 (5.30–10.21) | < 0.001 | 4.65 (3.60–6.01) | < 0.001 |
Doctors | 3.42 (3.06–3.83) | < 0.001 | 4.12 (3.41–4.98) | < 0.001 | 3.12 (2.71–3.58) | < 0.001 |
Other than above | 2.41 (1.85–3.15) | < 0.001 | 2.34 (1.45–3.75) | < 0.001 | 2.43 (1.76–3.36) | < 0.001 |
Cannot consult anyone | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 0.624 | 1.25 (0.69–2.26) | 0.455 | 1.01 (0.65–1.55) | 0.980 |
Do not know where to consult | 1.26 (0.84–1.87) | 0.260 | 1.32 (0.67–2.60) | 0.429 | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | 0.400 |
No need to consult | 0.73 (0.60–0.90) | 0.002 | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) | 0.446 | 0.68 (0.53–0.89) | 0.004 |
K6 total score (≥13 vs < 13) | 5.15 (4.31–6.16) | < 0.001 | 6.36 (4.66–8.68) | < 0.001 | 4.46 (3.58–5.55) | < 0.001 |