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Table 2 Non-adjusted odds ratios of LTC certification in participants aged ≥65 years

From: Factors associated with long-term care certification in older adults: a cross-sectional study based on a nationally representative survey in Japan

 

Total

Men

Women

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Predisposing factors

 Sex (women vs men)

1.74 (1.56–1.93)

< 0.001

 Age, years (vs 65–69)

  70–74

1.88 (1.48–2.39)

< 0.001

1.80 (1.29–2.51)

< 0.001

1.98 (1.41–2.79)

< 0.001

  75–79

3.35 (2.67–4.20)

< 0.001

2.77 (2.00–3.83)

< 0.001

3.96 (2.88–5.45)

< 0.001

  80–84

8.18 (6.60–10.16)

< 0.001

7.01 (5.14–9.56)

< 0.001

9.39 (6.92–12.75)

< 0.001

  85–89

21.00 (16.91–26.08)

< 0.001

10.45 (7.46–14.63)

< 0.001

30.32 (22.42–41.02)

< 0.001

  ≥ 90

50.00 (39.52–63.26)

< 0.001

26.22 (17.34–39.66)

< 0.001

63.95 (46.58–87.80)

< 0.001

 Education level (>9 vs ≤ 9 years)

0.50 (0.45–0.56)

< 0.001

0.52 (0.44–0.63)

< 0.001

0.52 (0.46–0.60)

< 0.001

Enabling factors

 Equivalent disposable incomea

0.83 (0.74–0.93)

< 0.001

0.80 (0.66–0.97)

0.020

0.87 (0.76–1.00)

0.046

  (≥ ¥100,000 vs < ¥100,000)

 Type of housing (rented vs owned)

1.28 (1.13–1.45)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.16–1.78)

< 0.001

1.19 (1.02–1.38)

0.026

 Presence of a spouse (yes vs no)

0.23 (0.21–0.26)

< 0.001

0.35 (0.29–0.42)

< 0.001

0.18 (0.16–0.21)

< 0.001

 Household structure

1.49 (1.35–1.64)

< 0.001

1.14 (0.96–1.36)

0.127

1.62 (1.43–1.83)

< 0.001

  (Others vs single or couple-only)

 Presence of children living separately (yes vs no)

1.22 (1.10–1.36)

< 0.001

1.15 (0.95–1.38)

0.143

1.26 (1.11–1.44)

< 0.001

Need factors

 Subjective symptoms

 Number of symptoms (≥3 vs 0–2)

2.59 (2.35–2.86)

< 0.001

2.40 (2.01–2.85)

< 0.001

2.62 (2.32–2.96)

< 0.001

  Fever

3.77 (2.58–5.51)

< 0.001

4.39 (2.26–8.52)

< 0.001

3.38 (2.12–5.37)

< 0.001

  Lethargic

2.30 (1.96–2.70)

< 0.001

2.18 (1.62–2.93)

< 0.001

2.27 (1.87–2.75)

< 0.001

  Do not sleep well

2.26 (1.93–2.66)

< 0.001

2.06 (1.49–2.85)

< 0.001

2.18 (1.81–2.63)

< 0.001

  Irritable

1.88 (1.50–2.36)

< 0.001

2.63 (1.83–3.77)

< 0.001

1.53 (1.15–2.05)

0.004

  Forgetful

3.43 (3.04–3.87)

< 0.001

3.00 (2.41–3.75)

< 0.001

3.50 (3.03–4.04)

< 0.001

  Headache

1.99 (1.60–2.46)

< 0.001

1.87 (1.17–2.98)

0.009

1.83 (1.43–2.33)

< 0.001

  Dizziness

2.12 (1.75–2.58)

< 0.001

2.22 (1.54–3.20)

< 0.001

1.96 (1.56–2.46)

< 0.001

  Blurred vision

1.66 (1.45–1.90)

< 0.001

1.72 (1.34–2.20)

< 0.001

1.56 (1.33–1.84)

< 0.001

  Difficulty in seeing

2.44 (2.13–2.80)

< 0.001

2.53 (1.98–3.24)

< 0.001

2.32 (1.97–2.74)

< 0.001

  Ringing ears

0.92 (0.76–1.12)

0.424

0.90 (0.64–1.27)

0.558

0.95 (0.74–1.21)

0.677

  Difficulty in hearing

2.60 (2.29–2.94)

< 0.001

1.86 (1.47–2.36)

< 0.001

3.03 (2.60–3.52)

< 0.001

  Palpitations

2.13 (1.75–2.60)

< 0.001

1.56 (1.04–2.34)

0.030

2.32 (1.84–2.91)

< 0.001

  Short-winded

2.20 (1.84–2.63)

< 0.001

2.16 (1.61–2.89)

< 0.001

2.39 (1.90–3.00)

< 0.001

  Pain in chest

2.11 (1.59–2.79)

< 0.001

1.59 (0.91–2.76)

0.102

2.33 (1.68–3.24)

< 0.001

  Cough, phlegmatic

2.29 (1.98–2.64)

< 0.001

2.85 (2.27–3.56)

< 0.001

2.14 (1.76–2.60)

< 0.001

  Blocked/runny nose

1.55 (1.28–1.87)

< 0.001

1.54 (1.13–2.08)

0.006

1.69 (1.33–2.15)

< 0.001

  Wheezing

3.25 (2.56–4.13)

< 0.001

3.86 (2.70–5.50)

< 0.001

3.15 (2.27–4.37)

< 0.001

  Stomach upset/heartburn

1.18 (0.95–1.47)

0.140

1.07 (0.70–1.63)

0.750

1.19 (0.92–1.55)

0.185

  Diarrhoea

2.97 (2.33–3.78)

< 0.001

2.53 (1.69–3.80)

< 0.001

3.55 (2.61–4.83)

< 0.001

  Constipation

2.26 (1.97–2.60)

< 0.001

2.53 (2.00–3.21)

< 0.001

2.10 (1.77–2.49)

< 0.001

  Loss of appetite

3.76 (2.98–4.73)

< 0.001

3.49 (2.33–5.24)

< 0.001

3.89 (2.93–5.17)

< 0.001

  Abdominal pain/stomachache

2.19 (1.67–2.87)

< 0.001

2.65 (1.68–4.17)

< 0.001

1.94 (1.39–2.73)

< 0.001

  Painful/bleeding hemorrhoids

1.68 (1.19–2.36)

0.003

1.91 (1.15–3.18)

0.012

1.69 (1.06–2.69)

0.027

  Toothache

1.22 (0.92–1.62)

0.175

1.29 (0.80–2.06)

0.298

1.20 (0.84–1.72)

0.308

  Swollen/bleeding gums

1.30 (1.00–1.67)

0.046

1.38 (0.90–2.13)

0.142

1.25 (0.91–1.72)

0.159

  Difficulty in chewing

2.32 (1.97–2.72)

< 0.001

2.22 (1.67–2.96)

< 0.001

2.33 (1.92–2.83)

< 0.001

  Rash

1.98 (1.50–2.62)

< 0.001

2.05 (1.28–3.27)

0.003

1.97 (1.39–2.79)

< 0.001

  Itching

1.93 (1.65–2.27)

< 0.001

1.97 (1.53–2.55)

< 0.001

2.11 (1.71–2.60)

< 0.001

  Joint pain in hands/feet

2.07 (1.83–2.33)

< 0.001

1.83 (1.44–2.32)

< 0.001

2.00 (1.74–2.30)

< 0.001

  Difficulty in limb movement

5.77 (5.14–6.47)

< 0.001

6.97 (5.69–8.54)

< 0.001

5.01 (4.35–5.77)

< 0.001

  Numb limbs

2.53(2.22–2.90)

< 0.001

2.70 (2.14–3.39)

< 0.001

2.45 (2.08–2.89)

< 0.001

  Cold limbs

2.87 (2.48–3.32)

< 0.001

3.38 (2.59–4.41)

< 0.001

2.51 (2.11–2.99)

< 0.001

  Swollen/heavy feet

3.86 (3.37–4.43)

< 0.001

4.63 (3.56–6.01)

< 0.001

3.31 (2.82–3.88)

< 0.001

  Difficulty in/painful urination

2.12 (1.67–2.69)

< 0.001

2.10 (1.51–2.91)

< 0.001

3.38 (2.34–4.86)

< 0.001

  Frequent urination

2.04 (1.76–2.36)

< 0.001

1.73 (1.36–2.20)

< 0.001

2.65 (2.19–3.19)

< 0.001

  Incontinence

5.19 (4.42–6.10)

< 0.001

5.47 (4.05–7.38)

< 0.001

4.77 (3.94–5.77)

< 0.001

  Injury including cut, burn

2.02 (1.26–3.24)

0.004

1.21 (0.44–3.33)

0.718

2.47 (1.43–4.27)

0.001

 Regular hospital visits

 Number of diseases (≥3 vs 0–2)

2.36 (2.13–2.61)

< 0.001

2.37 (1.99–2.84)

< 0.001

2.32 (2.05–2.63)

< 0.001

  Diabetes

1.46 (1.27–1.68)

< 0.001

1.70 (1.37–2.11)

< 0.001

1.47 (1.22–1.78)

< 0.001

  Obesity

1.14 (0.73–1.79)

0.559

1.44 (0.66–3.13)

0.355

0.98 (0.57–1.71)

0.950

  Hyperlipidemia

0.73 (0.61–0.87)

< 0.001

1.00 (0.71–1.41)

0.994

0.58 (0.47–0.72)

< 0.001

  Thyroid disease

1.27 (0.92–1.76)

0.143

2.96 (1.56–5.63)

< 0.001

0.89 (0.61–1.31)

0.564

  Mental illness

2.62 (1.95–3.51)

< 0.001

2.40 (1.23–4.67)

0.010

2.40 (1.73–3.34)

< 0.001

  Dementia

28.41 (23.42–34.47)

< 0.001

26.46 (19.23–36.42)

< 0.001

28.97 (22.64–37.07)

< 0.001

  Parkinson’s disease

9.38 (6.66–13.23)

< 0.001

13.81 (8.34–22.86)

< 0.001

7.36 (4.60–11.78)

< 0.001

  Other nervous disorders

3.55 (2.67–4.71)

< 0.001

4.67 (2.93–7.43)

< 0.001

3.00 (2.10–4.28)

< 0.001

  Eye disease

1.31 (1.15–1.49)

< 0.001

1.37 (1.08–1.74)

0.009

1.22 (1.05–1.42)

0.011

  Ear disease

1.44 (1.10–1.89)

0.008

0.77 (0.41–1.47)

0.432

1.70 (1.26–2.30)

< 0.001

  Hypertension

1.05 (0.95–1.17)

0.323

0.83 (0.69–1.01)

0.068

1.16 (1.03–1.32)

0.019

  Stroke

6.26 (5.36–7.31)

< 0.001

8.38 (6.73–10.44)

< 0.001

6.10 (4.85–7.69)

< 0.001

  Ischemic heart disease

1.83 (1.54–2.18)

< 0.001

1.56 (1.18–2.06)

0.002

2.40 (1.93–3.00)

< 0.001

  Other circulatory diseases

1.77 (1.46–2.14)

< 0.001

2.25 (1.69–3.01)

< 0.001

1.59 (1.23–2.05)

< 0.001

  Cold

1.07 (0.54–2.13)

0.835

1.54 (0.55–4.29)

0.409

0.86 (0.34–2.14)

0.745

  Allergic rhinitis

0.70 (0.48–1.02)

0.060

0.69 (0.35–1.35)

0.277

0.70 (0.44–1.10)

0.121

  COPD

3.45 (2.07–5.73)

< 0.001

4.27 (2.32–7.85)

< 0.001

4.14 (1.60–10.70)

0.003

  Asthma

1.63 (1.20–2.22)

0.002

2.07 (1.26–3.39)

0.004

1.42 (0.96–2.11)

0.079

  Other respiratory diseases

2.23 (1.71–2.89)

< 0.001

2.41 (1.62–3.59)

< 0.001

2.34 (1.65–3.34)

< 0.001

  Stomach/duodenum disease

0.95 (0.73–1.24)

0.711

0.84 (0.53–1.33)

0.466

1.06 (0.77–1.46)

0.715

  Liver/gall bladder disease

1.48 (1.11–1.97)

0.007

1.60 (1.03–2.50)

0.038

1.52 (1.05–2.22)

0.028

  Other digestive diseases

1.82 (1.41–2.36)

< 0.001

1.90 (1.25–2.89)

0.003

1.87 (1.34–2.60)

< 0.001

  Dental diseases

0.55 (0.44–0.69)

< 0.001

0.55 (0.36–0.82)

0.004

0.55 (0.42–0.74)

< 0.001

  Atopic dermatitis

1.45 (0.75–2.80)

0.263

1.45 (0.52–4.02)

0.478

1.63 (0.69–3.87)

0.266

  Other skin disease

1.70 (1.32–2.19)

< 0.001

1.79 (1.22–2.61)

0.003

1.89 (1.34–2.66)

< 0.001

  Gout

0.68 (0.43–1.08)

0.101

0.71 (0.40–1.24)

0.228

2.22 (0.92–5.37)

0.077

  Rheumatoid arthritis

2.55 (1.93–3.36)

< 0.001

1.49 (0.64–3.44)

0.351

2.43 (1.80–3.28)

< 0.001

  Arthropathy

1.61 (1.35–1.92)

< 0.001

1.16 (0.75–1.80)

0.515

1.55 (1.27–1.89)

< 0.001

  Stiff shoulder

0.89 (0.71–1.11)

0.301

1.05 (0.67–1.65)

0.825

0.76 (0.59–0.98)

0.034

  Low back pain

1.44 (1.26–1.64)

< 0.001

1.43 (1.11–1.84)

0.006

1.36 (1.16–1.59)

< 0.001

  Osteoporosis

2.72 (2.33–3.18)

< 0.001

5.34 (3.09–9.22)

< 0.001

2.17 (1.84–2.56)

< 0.001

  Kidney disease

2.91 (2.32–3.65)

< 0.001

2.85 (2.02–4.02)

< 0.001

3.48 (2.56–4.73)

< 0.001

  Prostatic hyperplasia

1.12 (0.88–1.42)

0.364

1.66 (1.29–2.14)

< 0.001

  Menopause or postmenopausal disorders

2.56 (0.87–7.49)

0.087

2.07 (0.71–6.06)

0.185

  Fracture

5.11 (4.01–6.53)

< 0.001

4.77 (2.86–7.95)

< 0.001

4.76 (3.60–6.30)

< 0.001

  Injury other than fracture/burn

1.94 (1.23–3.04)

0.004

1.65 (0.66–4.13)

0.288

1.94 (1.15–3.27)

0.013

  Anemia/blood disorder

2.87 (2.08–3.95)

< 0.001

3.28 (1.91–5.62)

< 0.001

2.64 (1.78–3.94)

< 0.001

  Cancer

0.94 (0.63–1.42)

0.772

0.98 (0.51–1.85)

0.939

1.01 (0.59–1.71)

0.985

 Consult about worries and stress with (yes vs no)

  Family

2.74 (2.47–3.04)

< 0.001

2.97 (2.46–3.59)

< 0.001

2.48 (2.18–2.81)

< 0.001

  Friends/acquaintances

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

0.261

0.88 (0.57–1.35)

0.563

0.79 (0.64–0.97)

0.022

  Boss at work/teacher at school

1.18 (0.28–5.01)

0.825

0.00 (0.00- inf)

0.964

2.08 (0.46–9.52)

0.344

  Public institutions

5.52 (4.51–6.75)

< 0.001

7.36 (5.30–10.21)

< 0.001

4.65 (3.60–6.01)

< 0.001

  Doctors

3.42 (3.06–3.83)

< 0.001

4.12 (3.41–4.98)

< 0.001

3.12 (2.71–3.58)

< 0.001

  Other than above

2.41 (1.85–3.15)

< 0.001

2.34 (1.45–3.75)

< 0.001

2.43 (1.76–3.36)

< 0.001

  Cannot consult anyone

1.09 (0.77–1.55)

0.624

1.25 (0.69–2.26)

0.455

1.01 (0.65–1.55)

0.980

  Do not know where to consult

1.26 (0.84–1.87)

0.260

1.32 (0.67–2.60)

0.429

1.24 (0.76–2.02)

0.400

  No need to consult

0.73 (0.60–0.90)

0.002

0.89 (0.65–1.21)

0.446

0.68 (0.53–0.89)

0.004

 K6 total score (≥13 vs < 13)

5.15 (4.31–6.16)

< 0.001

6.36 (4.66–8.68)

< 0.001

4.46 (3.58–5.55)

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: LTC long-term care, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. aThe disposable income of a household divided by the square root of the number of people in the household