Table 1 Basic characteristics of participants aged ≥65 years with and without LTC certification
Total (n = 23,730) | Men (n = 10,418) | Women (n = 13,312) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Certified (n = 1718) | Non-certified (n = 22,012) | Certified (n = 548) | Non-certified (n = 9870) | Certified (n = 1170) | Non-certified (n = 12,142) | |
Predisposing factors | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Men | 548 (32%) | 9870 (45%) | 548 (100%) | 9870 (100%) | – | – |
Women | 1170 (68%) | 12,142 (55%) | – | – | 1170 (100%) | 12,142 (100%) |
Age, years | ||||||
65–69 | 111 (6%) | 6785 (31%) | 59 (11%) | 3266 (33%) | 52 (4%) | 3519 (29%) |
70–74 | 183 (11%) | 5946 (27%) | 89 (16%) | 2740 (28%) | 94 (8%) | 3206 (26%) |
75–79 | 260 (15%) | 4745 (22%) | 105 (19%) | 2099 (21%) | 155 (13%) | 2646 (22%) |
80–84 | 380 (22%) | 2838 (13%) | 144 (26%) | 1137 (12%) | 236 (20%) | 1701 (14%) |
85–89 | 438 (25%) | 1275 (6%) | 97 (18%) | 514 (5%) | 341 (29%) | 761 (6%) |
≥ 90 | 346 (20%) | 423 (2%) | 54 (10%) | 114 (1%) | 292 (25%) | 309 (3%) |
Education level | ||||||
≤ 9 years | 810 (47%) | 6963 (32%) | 234 (43%) | 2774 (28%) | 576 (49%) | 4189 (35%) |
> 9 years | 686 (40%) | 11,703 (53%) | 247 (45%) | 5593 (57%) | 439 (38%) | 6110 (50%) |
Missing | 222 (13%) | 3346 (15%) | 67 (12%) | 1503 (15%) | 155 (13%) | 1843 (15%) |
Enabling factors | ||||||
Equivalent disposable incomea | ||||||
< ¥100,000 | 499 (29%) | 5588 (25%) | 155 (28%) | 2333 (24%) | 344 (29%) | 3255 (27%) |
≥ ¥100,000 | 1132 (66%) | 15,268 (69%) | 371 (68%) | 7020 (71%) | 761 (65%) | 8248 (68%) |
Missing | 87 (5%) | 1156 (5%) | 22 (4%) | 517 (5%) | 65 (6%) | 639 (5%) |
Type of housing | ||||||
Owned | 1366 (80%) | 18,327 (83%) | 432 (79%) | 8318 (84%) | 934 (80%) | 10,009 (82%) |
Rented | 352 (20%) | 3685 (17%) | 116 (21%) | 1552 (16%) | 236 (20%) | 2133 (18%) |
Presence of a spouse | ||||||
No | 1139 (66%) | 6906 (31%) | 190 (35%) | 1541 (16%) | 949 (81%) | 5365 (44%) |
Yes | 579 (34%) | 15,106 (69%) | 358 (65%) | 8329 (84%) | 221 (19%) | 6777 (56%) |
Household structure | ||||||
Single or Couple-only | 806 (47%) | 12,493 (57%) | 308 (56%) | 5872 (59%) | 498 (43%) | 6621 (55%) |
Others | 912 (53%) | 9519 (43%) | 240 (44%) | 3998 (41%) | 672 (57%) | 5521 (45%) |
Presence of children living separately | ||||||
No | 602 (35%) | 8350 (38%) | 196 (36%) | 3724 (38%) | 406 (35%) | 4626 (38%) |
Yes | 974 (57%) | 11,051 (50%) | 301 (55%) | 4982 (50%) | 673 (58%) | 6069 (50%) |
Missing | 142 (8%) | 2611 (12%) | 51 (9%) | 1164 (12%) | 91 (8%) | 1447 (12%) |
Need factors | ||||||
Subjective symptoms | ||||||
0–2 symptoms | 827 (48%) | 15,509 (70%) | 285 (52%) | 7114 (72%) | 542 (46%) | 8395 (69%) |
≥ 3 symptoms | 873 (51%) | 6319 (29%) | 257 (47%) | 2677 (27%) | 616 (53%) | 3642 (30%) |
Missing | 18 (1%) | 184 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 79 (1%) | 12 (1%) | 105 (1%) |
Fever | 35 (2%) | 121 (1%) | 11 (2%) | 46 (0%) | 24 (2%) | 75 (1%) |
Lethargic | 196 (11%) | 1171 (5%) | 54 (10%) | 473 (5%) | 142 (12%) | 698 (6%) |
Do not sleep well | 191 (11%) | 1156 (5%) | 44 (8%) | 403 (4%) | 147 (13%) | 753 (6%) |
Irritable | 91 (5%) | 637 (3%) | 36 (7%) | 258 (3%) | 55 (5%) | 379 (3%) |
Forgetful | 422 (25%) | 1916 (9%) | 111 (20%) | 773 (8%) | 311 (27%) | 1143 (9%) |
Headache | 102 (6%) | 679 (3%) | 20 (4%) | 197 (2%) | 82 (7%) | 482 (4%) |
Dizziness | 128 (7%) | 806 (4%) | 34 (6%) | 287 (3%) | 94 (8%) | 519 (4%) |
Blurred vision | 273 (16%) | 2256 (10%) | 79 (14%) | 884 (9%) | 194 (17%) | 1372 (11%) |
Difficulty in seeing | 283 (16%) | 1649 (7%) | 84 (15%) | 661 (7%) | 199 (17%) | 988 (8%) |
Ringing ears | 113 (7%) | 1564 (7%) | 37 (7%) | 735 (7%) | 76 (6%) | 829 (7%) |
Difficulty in hearing | 355 (21%) | 2015 (9%) | 89 (16%) | 935 (9%) | 266 (23%) | 1080 (9%) |
Palpitations | 123 (7%) | 770 (3%) | 27 (5%) | 318 (3%) | 96 (8%) | 452 (4%) |
Short-winded | 154 (9%) | 945 (4%) | 56 (10%) | 496 (5%) | 98 (8%) | 449 (4%) |
Pain in chest | 59 (3%) | 366 (2%) | 14 (3%) | 161 (2%) | 45 (4%) | 205 (2%) |
Cough, phlegmatic | 242 (14%) | 1478 (7%) | 107 (20%) | 779 (8%) | 135 (12%) | 699 (6%) |
Blocked/runny nose | 130 (8%) | 1108 (5%) | 49 (9%) | 595 (6%) | 81 (7%) | 513 (4%) |
Wheezing | 87 (5%) | 356 (2%) | 39 (7%) | 193 (2%) | 48 (4%) | 163 (1%) |
Stomach upset/heartburn | 90 (5%) | 986 (4%) | 24 (4%) | 406 (4%) | 66 (6%) | 580 (5%) |
Diarrhoea | 84 (5%) | 376 (2%) | 28 (5%) | 206 (2%) | 56 (5%) | 170 (1%) |
Constipation | 277 (16%) | 1729 (8%) | 91 (17%) | 723 (7%) | 186 (16%) | 1006 (8%) |
Loss of appetite | 97 (6%) | 346 (2%) | 29 (5%) | 156 (2%) | 68 (6%) | 190 (2%) |
Abdominal pain/stomachache | 63 (4%) | 377 (2%) | 22 (4%) | 154 (2%) | 41 (4%) | 223 (2%) |
Painful/bleeding hemorrhoids | 38 (2%) | 293 (1%) | 17 (3%) | 163 (2%) | 21 (2%) | 130 (1%) |
Toothache | 54 (3%) | 573 (3%) | 19 (3%) | 269 (3%) | 35 (3%) | 304 (3%) |
Swollen/bleeding gums | 68 (4%) | 680 (3%) | 23 (4%) | 304 (3%) | 45 (4%) | 376 (3%) |
Difficulty in chewing | 196 (11%) | 1162 (5%) | 58 (11%) | 501 (5%) | 138 (12%) | 661 (5%) |
Rash | 59 (3%) | 389 (2%) | 20 (4%) | 180 (2%) | 39 (3%) | 209 (2%) |
Itching | 188 (11%) | 1319 (6%) | 74 (14%) | 727 (7%) | 114 (10%) | 592 (5%) |
Joint pain in hands/feet | 388 (23%) | 2730 (12%) | 88 (16%) | 939 (10%) | 300 (26%) | 1791 (15%) |
Difficulty in limb movement | 518 (30%) | 1542 (7%) | 160 (29%) | 555 (6%) | 358 (31%) | 987 (8%) |
Numb limbs | 301 (18%) | 1708 (8%) | 100 (18%) | 758 (8%) | 201 (17%) | 950 (8%) |
Cold limbs | 251 (15%) | 1242 (6%) | 73 (13%) | 431 (4%) | 178 (15%) | 811 (7%) |
Swollen/heavy feet | 312 (18%) | 1200 (5%) | 79 (14%) | 348 (4%) | 233 (20%) | 852 (7%) |
Difficulty in/painful urination | 82 (5%) | 509 (2%) | 43 (8%) | 386 (4%) | 39 (3%) | 123 (1%) |
Frequent urination | 240 (14%) | 1629 (7%) | 87 (16%) | 974 (10%) | 153 (13%) | 655 (5%) |
Incontinence | 227 (13%) | 629 (3%) | 60 (11%) | 218 (2%) | 167 (14%) | 411 (3%) |
Injury including cut, burn | 20 (1%) | 128 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 60 (1%) | 16 (1%) | 68 (1%) |
Regular hospital visits | ||||||
0–2 diseases | 1009 (59%) | 16,860 (77%) | 325 (59%) | 7635 (77%) | 684 (58%) | 9225 (76%) |
≥ 3 diseases | 697 (41%) | 4935 (22%) | 217 (40%) | 2148 (22%) | 480 (41%) | 2787 (23%) |
Missing | 12 (1%) | 217 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 87 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 130 (1%) |
Diabetes | 253 (15%) | 2325 (11%) | 112 (20%) | 1298 (13%) | 141 (12%) | 1027 (8%) |
Obesity | 21 (1%) | 235 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 88 (1%) | 14 (1%) | 147 (1%) |
Hyperlipidemia | 136 (8%) | 2320 (11%) | 38 (7%) | 685 (7%) | 98 (8%) | 1635 (13%) |
Thyroid disease | 41 (2%) | 413 (2%) | 11 (2%) | 68 (1%) | 30 (3%) | 345 (3%) |
Mental illness | 55 (3%) | 274 (1%) | 10 (2%) | 76 (1%) | 45 (4%) | 198 (2%) |
Dementia | 316 (18%) | 173 (1%) | 92 (17%) | 75 (1%) | 224 (19%) | 98 (1%) |
Parkinson’s disease | 57 (3%) | 80 (0%) | 27 (5%) | 37 (0%) | 30 (3%) | 43 (0%) |
Other nervous disorders | 63 (4%) | 233 (1%) | 23 (4%) | 92 (1%) | 40 (3%) | 141 (1%) |
Eye disease | 311 (18%) | 3163 (14%) | 87 (16%) | 1199 (12%) | 224 (19%) | 1964 (16%) |
Ear disease | 61 (4%) | 547 (2%) | 10 (2%) | 232 (2%) | 51 (4%) | 315 (3%) |
Hypertension | 552 (32%) | 6801 (31%) | 148 (27%) | 3036 (31%) | 404 (35%) | 3765 (31%) |
Stroke | 256 (15%) | 598 (3%) | 136 (25%) | 376 (4%) | 120 (10%) | 222 (2%) |
Ischemic heart disease | 164 (10%) | 1195 (5%) | 60 (11%) | 724 (7%) | 104 (9%) | 471 (4%) |
Other circulatory diseases | 128 (7%) | 957 (4%) | 57 (10%) | 485 (5%) | 71 (6%) | 472 (4%) |
Cold | 9 (1%) | 107 (0%) | 4 (1%) | 47 (0%) | 5 (0%) | 60 (0%) |
Allergic rhinitis | 29 (2%) | 528 (2%) | 9 (2%) | 234 (2%) | 20 (2%) | 294 (2%) |
COPD | 19 (1%) | 71 (0%) | 13 (2%) | 56 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 15 (0%) |
Asthma | 47 (3%) | 372 (2%) | 18 (3%) | 160 (2%) | 29 (2%) | 212 (2%) |
Other respiratory diseases | 68 (4%) | 399 (2%) | 29 (5%) | 224 (2%) | 39 (3%) | 175 (1%) |
Stomach/duodenum disease | 63 (4%) | 844 (4%) | 20 (4%) | 425 (4%) | 43 (4%) | 419 (3%) |
Liver/gall bladder disease | 54 (3%) | 471 (2%) | 22 (4%) | 252 (3%) | 32 (3%) | 219 (2%) |
Other digestive diseases | 68 (4%) | 485 (2%) | 25 (5%) | 243 (2%) | 43 (4%) | 242 (2%) |
Dental diseases | 78 (5%) | 1749 (8%) | 25 (5%) | 797 (8%) | 53 (5%) | 952 (8%) |
Atopic dermatitis | 10 (1%) | 88 (0%) | 4 (1%) | 50 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 38 (0%) |
Other skin disease | 71 (4%) | 543 (2%) | 31 (6%) | 321 (3%) | 40 (3%) | 222 (2%) |
Gout | 19 (1%) | 356 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 328 (3%) | 6 (1%) | 28 (0%) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 61 (4%) | 313 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 73 (1%) | 55 (5%) | 240 (2%) |
Arthropathy | 150 (9%) | 1232 (6%) | 22 (4%) | 345 (3%) | 128 (11%) | 887 (7%) |
Stiff shoulder | 88 (5%) | 1256 (6%) | 21 (4%) | 361 (4%) | 67 (6%) | 895 (7%) |
Low back pain | 282 (16%) | 2639 (12%) | 75 (14%) | 990 (10%) | 207 (18%) | 1649 (14%) |
Osteoporosis | 214 (12%) | 1090 (5%) | 17 (3%) | 59 (1%) | 197 (17%) | 1031 (8%) |
Kidney disease | 96 (6%) | 438 (2%) | 40 (7%) | 266 (3%) | 56 (5%) | 172 (1%) |
Prostatic hyperplasia | 76 (4%) | 873 (4%) | 76 (14%) | 873 (9%) | – | – |
Menopause or postmenopausal disorders | 4(0%) | 20 (0%) | – | – | 4 (0%) | 20 (0%) |
Fracture | 93 (5%) | 243 (1%) | 19 (3%) | 74 (1%) | 74 (6%) | 169 (1%) |
Injury other than fracture/burn | 22 (1%) | 146 (1%) | 5 (1%) | 55 (1%) | 17 (1%) | 91 (1%) |
Anemia/blood disorder | 47 (3%) | 213 (1%) | 16 (3%) | 90 (1%) | 31 (3%) | 123 (1%) |
Cancer | 25 (1%) | 339 (2%) | 10 (2%) | 185 (2%) | 15 (1%) | 154 (1%) |
Have worries and stress | ||||||
No | 518 (30%) | 12,635 (57%) | 153 (28%) | 6072 (62%) | 365 (31%) | 6563 (54%) |
Yes | 1151 (67%) | 8972 (41%) | 371 (68%) | 3623 (37%) | 780 (67%) | 5349 (44%) |
Missing | 49 (3%) | 405 (2%) | 24 (4%) | 175 (2%) | 25 (2%) | 230 (2%) |
Consulting family about worries and stress | 630 (37%) | 3916 (18%) | 178 (32%) | 1432 (15%) | 452 (39%) | 2484 (20%) |
Consulting friends/acquaintances | 133 (8%) | 1896 (9%) | 23 (4%) | 480 (5%) | 110 (9%) | 1416 (12%) |
Consulting boss at work/teacher at school | 2 (0%) | 22 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 10 (0%) |
Consulting public institutions | 142 (8%) | 358 (2%) | 53 (10%) | 146 (1%) | 89 (8%) | 212 (2%) |
Consulting doctors | 515 (30%) | 2494 (11%) | 182 (33%) | 1109 (11%) | 333 (28%) | 1385 (11%) |
Consulting others | 67 (4%) | 368 (2%) | 20 (4%) | 162 (2%) | 47 (4%) | 206 (2%) |
Cannot consult anyone | 35 (2%) | 416 (2%) | 12 (2%) | 178 (2%) | 23 (2%) | 238 (2%) |
Do not know where to consult | 27 (2%) | 279 (1%) | 9 (2%) | 127 (1%) | 18 (2%) | 152 (1%) |
No need to consult | 109 (6%) | 1878 (9%) | 45 (8%) | 930 (9%) | 64 (5%) | 948 (8%) |
K6 total score | ||||||
< 13 | 1302 (76%) | 19,404 (88%) | 402 (73%) | 8835 (90%) | 900 (77%) | 10,569 (87%) |
≥ 13 | 180 (10%) | 521 (2%) | 57 (10%) | 197 (2%) | 123 (11%) | 324 (3%) |
Missing | 236 (14%) | 2087 (9%) | 89 (16%) | 838 (8%) | 147 (13%) | 1249 (10%) |