Skip to main content

Table 2 Mixed effect linear regression results of cognitive functioning among older adults for India and China, WHO-SAGE Wave 1 (2007/10)

From: Association of life course socioeconomic status and adult height with cognitive functioning of older adults in India and China

Characteristics

Categories

India

China

–

–

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Mother’s educationa

Less than primary

0.85*(−0.04, 1.76)

1.50***(0.69, 2.31)

Completed secondary

1.53***(0.40, 2.66)

0.96**(0.022, 1.90)

Higher secondary (HS) and above

3.07**(0.59, 5.56)

2.17***(0.54, 3.80)

Father’s educationa

Less than primary

0.80**(0.18, 1.43)

1.35***(0.76, 1.94)

Completed secondary

1.00***(0.31, 1.68)

1.24***(0.60, 1.88)

Higher secondary (HS) and above

2.53***(1.36, 3.69)

3.50***(2.43, 4.57)

Mother’s employmentb

Informal employment

0.38(−0.38, 1.15)

− 0.016(− 1.95, 1.92)

Self-employed

− 0.29(− 0.94, 0.36)

0.36(− 0.42, 1.15)

Private/public sector

− 0.77(−2.11, 0.56)

0.26(− 0.50, 1.02)

Father’s employmentb

Informal employment

1.31**(0.038, 2.59)

0.61(−1.15, 2.38)

Self-employed

2.15***(0.93, 3.37)

0.62(−0.17, 1.41)

Private/public sector

2.04***(0.71, 3.37)

0.40(−0.31, 1.11)

Height quintilec

2

0.83**(0.20, 1.46)

0.96***(0.39, 1.52)

3

1.06***(0.42, 1.70)

1.32***(0.76, 1.89)

4

1.38***(0.74, 2.02)

1.63***(1.03, 2.23)

Highest

1.81***(1.15, 2.47)

2.23***(1.60, 2.86)

Schoolinga

Less than primary

3.80***(3.11, 4.49)

2.96***(2.39, 3.53)

Completed secondary

5.63***(5.03, 6.23)

5.44***(4.90, 5.99)

Higher secondary (HS) and above

9.28***(8.45, 10.1)

7.82***(7.08, 8.55)

Wealth quintiled

Poorer

0.92***(0.24, 1.61)

0.75***(0.18, 1.33)

Middle

1.42***(0.71, 2.13)

1.02***(0.40, 1.64)

Richer

2.01***(1.28, 2.74)

2.28***(1.63, 2.93)

Richest

2.71***(1.93, 3.49)

2.07***(1.34, 2.81)

Own employmentb

Informal employment

0.56(−0.16, 1.29)

1.21*(−0.11, 2.54)

Self-employed

0.42(−0.23, 1.07)

0.39(−0.42, 1.21)

Private/public sector

1.21***(0.44, 1.98)

2.47***(1.68, 3.25)

Age (years)

 

−0.08***(− 0.11, − 0.06)

−0.26***(− 0.28, − 0.23)

Gendere

Female

−2.96***(−3.54, −2.38)

−1.57***(− 2.02, −1.12)

Residencef

Rural

−0.72**(− 1.42, − 0.019)

−0.73(− 2.14, 0.68)

Marital statusg

Otherwise

−1.09***(− 1.60, − 0.57)

−0.82***(− 1.33, − 0.31)

Body mass indexh

Underweight

−0.86***(− 1.31, − 0.40)

−0.15(− 1.04, 0.72)

Overweight

0.89***(0.24, 1.54)

0.33*(−0.06, 0.73)

Obesity

0.66(−0.47, 1.80)

−0.12(− 0.90, 0.66)

Sleep problems

 

−0.60*(− 1.25, 0.041)

−1.14*(− 2.31, 0.018)

Edentulism

 

− 0.63**(− 1.23, − 0.038)

−1.27***(− 1.87, − 0.66)

Poor self-rated health

 

−1.52***(− 2.09,-0.95)

− 2.03***(− 2.50, − 1.56)

1 + ADL

 

−1.02***(− 1.47, − 0.56)

−2.77***(− 3.38, − 2.17)

Tobacco use

 

0.08(− 0.36, 0.52)

0.05(−0.44, 0.55)

Alcohol use

 

−0.99*(− 2.03, 0.035)

− 0.29(− 0.83, 0.25)

Physically inactive

 

−1.31***(− 1.78, − 0.84)

0.03(− 0.36, 0.43)

Self-reported depression

−1.35**(− 2.39, − 0.32)

−2.81*(−6.04, 0.42)

Random part

 Region

 

0.84(0.41, 1.73)

1.49(.74, 2.98)

 PSU

 

1.96(1.70, 2.26)

2.56(2.09, 3.13)

 Individual

–

7.44 (7.30, 7.58)

9.25(9.13, 9.37)

 Observations

–

5787

10,934

  1. areference no formal education, breference never worked, creference lowest,dreference poorest,ereference male, freference urban, g reference currently married, h reference normal weight
  2. CI confidence interval*** p < .001, ** p < .005, * p < .01