Table 1 Overview of outcomes, outcome measures, instruments and assessment time points
Outcomes | Outcome measures | Instruments | Assessment time points |
|---|---|---|---|
Personal information | • Age, sex, education, clinical history, medication | • Self reports | • T0, T1, T2 |
Frailty assessments | • Frailty status (pre-frail, frail) • Frailty Index | • Frailty Phenotype • Frailty Index | • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1, T2 |
Brain plasticity in the sensorimotor and somatosensory system | • Structural and functional parameters of cortical sensorimotor and somatosensory maps • MEP peak-to-peak amplitude and latency | • fMRI motor sequence task, fMRI somato-sensory mapping task • TMS at left primary motor cortex | • T0, T1 • T0, T1 |
Biological markers of neuroplasticity | • BDNF serum blood levels (ng/ml) | • Collection of blood samples | • T0, T1 |
Sensorimotor performance | • SPPB (total score) • CTSIB (total score) • PPT (means) | • SPPB • CTSIB • PPT | • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2 |
Sensory functioning | • Visual acuity • Visual contrast sensitivity • Tactile grating thresholds • Fine-touch thresholds • Hearing thresholds | • FrACT • FrACT • JVP domes • Von-Frey filaments • Audiometer | • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1 |
Cognitive testing | • MMSE (total score) • Mental and motor response speed • Top-down attentional control • Visuospatial working memory capacity • Executive functioning | • MMSE • RTI • AST • SSP • IED | • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1 |
Functional level and quality of life | • Functional level in frailty • Depression • Overall health status and quality of life • Functional capacity in everyday activities • Falls self-efficacy • Nutritional status | • FEFA • CES-D • SF-36, EQ-5D-5L • MKS • FES-I • MNA | • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 |