Table 1 Patients characteristic and Univariate associations with AAD

Age, year

83 ± 8

85 ± 8

83 ± 8

0.0001

Male

627 (59)

180 (56)

447 (60)

0.21

Body weight, kg

47.3 ± 11.3

45.8 ± 10.2

48.0 ± 11.7

0.005

Body mass index, kg/m²

20.0 ± 6.3

19.6 ± 3.8

20.0 ± 3.9

0.12

History of smoking

468 (44)

127 (39)

341 (46)

0.056

Alcohol habits

236 (22)

59 (18)

177 (24)

0.045

 Ambulatory

682 (64)

184 (57)

498 (67)

0.003

 Bedridden

110 (10)

35 (11)

75 (10)

0.69

 Oral nutrition

1,018 (95)

304 (94)

714 (96)

0.31

 Diabetes mellitus

297 (28)

85 (26)

212 (29)

0.49

 Hypertension

536 (50)

152 (47)

384 (52)

0.19

 Cerebrovascular diseases

322 (30)

111 (35)

211 (28)

0.045

 Ischemic heart diseases

146 (14)

44 (14)

102 (14)

0.99

 Heart failure

325 (31)

114 (35)

211 (28)

0.021

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

254 (24)

64 (20)

190 (26)

0.048

 Chronic kidney diseases

64 (6.0)

26 (8.1)

38 (5.1)

0.06

 Dementia

419 (39)

142 (44)

277 (37)

0.03

 Cancer

253 (24)

79 (25)

174 (23)

0.68

 Body temperature, °C

38.0 ± 0.9

38.0 ± 0.9

38.0 ± 0.9

0.54

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

150 ± 25

151 ± 25

150 ± 25

0.72

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

87 ± 17

87 ± 17

87 ± 18

0.84

 Heart rate, /min

103 ± 21

103 ± 22

102 ± 21

0.51

 Respiratory rate, /min

29 ± 7

29 ± 7

29 ± 7

0.94

 White blood cell count, /μL

9,490 [7,260 - 12,850]

9,430 [7,120 - 12,960]

9,540 [7,320 - 12,730]

0.72

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.8 [10.5 - 13.1]

11.5 [10.4 - 12.8]

11.8 [10.6 - 13.2]

0.001

 Platelet cell count, x10⁴/μL

18.9 [14.7 - 24.2]

19.2 [14.9 - 24.4]

18.8 [14.7 - 24.1]

0.63

 Total protein, g/dL

6.6 [6.1 - 7.0]

6.5 [6.1 - 7.0]

6.6 [6.1 - 7.0]

0.24

 Albumin, g/dL

3.2 [2.8 - 3.6]

3.1 [2.8 - 3.5]

3.3 [2.9 - 3.6]

0.0008

 Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL

18.7 [13.8 - 26.5]

20.0 [14.7 - 27.6]

18.2 [13.5 - 25.7]

0.01

 Creatinine, mg/dL

0.76 [0.57 - 1.06]

0.79 [0.57 - 1.10]

0.74 [0.57 - 1.03]

0.26

 C-reactive protein, mg/dL

6.91 [2.66 - 12.79]

7.45 [2.69 - 13.25]

6.82 [2.65 - 12.55]

0.74

CURB65

0.06

 1

197 (18)

47 (15)

150 (20)

 2

461 (43)

132 (41)

329 (44)

 3

303 (29)

104 (32)

199 (27)

 4

102 (9.6)

38 (12)

64 (8.6)

 5

4 (0.4)

1 (0.3)

3 (0.4)

 β-Lactamase inhibitors

703 (66)

233 (72)

470 (63)

0.003

  Ampicillin/sulbactam

701 (66)

233 (72)

468 (63)

  Piperacillin/tazobactam

8 (0.8)

4 (1.2)

4 (0.5)

 Non β-Lactamase inhibitors

626 (59)

181 (56)

445 (60)

0.28

  Ceftriaxone

390 (37)

107 (33)

283 (38)

  Meropenem

47 (4.4)

25 (7.8)

22 (3.0)

  Macrolides

101 (9.5)

25 (7.8)

76 (10)

  Clindamycin

35 (3.3)

17 (5.3)

18 (2.4)

  Levofloxacin

31 (2.9)

8 (2.4)

23 (3.1)

  Others^a

189 (18)

67 (21)

122 (21)

Multiple antibiotics

714 (67)

223 (69)

491 (66)

0.29

 Proton pump inhibitors

508 (48)

171 (53)

337 (45)

0.02

 Immunosuppressants

363 (34)

102 (32)

261 (35)

0.29

 Angiotensin II receptor blockers

117 (11)

44 (14)

73 (9.8)

0.06

 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

54 (5.1)

15 (4.7)

39 (5.2)

0.69

 Calcium channel blockers

169 (16)

41 (13)

128 (17)

0.07

 Beta-blockers

98 (9.2)

33 (10)

65 (8.7)

0.43

 Psychotropics

207 (19)

72 (22)

135 (18)

0.11

 Drugs for hyperuricemia

62 (5.8)

22 (6.8)

40 (5.4)

0.35

Sputum culture

954 (89)

289 (90)

665 (89)

0.81

 Positive culture

146 (15)

33 (11)

113 (17)

0.03

 AAD

322 (30)

  Duration until AAD, days

6 [3 - 10]

  Duration of AAD, days

4 [2 - 8]

 Length of hospital stay, days

13 [9 - 21]

17 [12 - 29]

11 [8 - 18]

<0.0001

 Death

88 (8.2)

22 (6.8)

66 (8.9)

0.27