|
Age, year
|
83 ± 8
|
85 ± 8
|
83 ± 8
|
0.0001
|
|
Male
|
627 (59)
|
180 (56)
|
447 (60)
|
0.21
|
|
Body weight, kg
|
47.3 ± 11.3
|
45.8 ± 10.2
|
48.0 ± 11.7
|
0.005
|
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
20.0 ± 6.3
|
19.6 ± 3.8
|
20.0 ± 3.9
|
0.12
|
|
History of smoking
|
468 (44)
|
127 (39)
|
341 (46)
|
0.056
|
|
Alcohol habits
|
236 (22)
|
59 (18)
|
177 (24)
|
0.045
|
|
ADL
|
|
Ambulatory
|
682 (64)
|
184 (57)
|
498 (67)
|
0.003
|
|
Bedridden
|
110 (10)
|
35 (11)
|
75 (10)
|
0.69
|
|
Oral nutrition
|
1,018 (95)
|
304 (94)
|
714 (96)
|
0.31
|
|
Comorbidities
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
297 (28)
|
85 (26)
|
212 (29)
|
0.49
|
|
Hypertension
|
536 (50)
|
152 (47)
|
384 (52)
|
0.19
|
|
Cerebrovascular diseases
|
322 (30)
|
111 (35)
|
211 (28)
|
0.045
|
|
Ischemic heart diseases
|
146 (14)
|
44 (14)
|
102 (14)
|
0.99
|
|
Heart failure
|
325 (31)
|
114 (35)
|
211 (28)
|
0.021
|
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
|
254 (24)
|
64 (20)
|
190 (26)
|
0.048
|
|
Chronic kidney diseases
|
64 (6.0)
|
26 (8.1)
|
38 (5.1)
|
0.06
|
|
Dementia
|
419 (39)
|
142 (44)
|
277 (37)
|
0.03
|
|
Cancer
|
253 (24)
|
79 (25)
|
174 (23)
|
0.68
|
|
Vital signs
|
|
Body temperature, °C
|
38.0 ± 0.9
|
38.0 ± 0.9
|
38.0 ± 0.9
|
0.54
|
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
150 ± 25
|
151 ± 25
|
150 ± 25
|
0.72
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
87 ± 17
|
87 ± 17
|
87 ± 18
|
0.84
|
|
Heart rate, /min
|
103 ± 21
|
103 ± 22
|
102 ± 21
|
0.51
|
|
Respiratory rate, /min
|
29 ± 7
|
29 ± 7
|
29 ± 7
|
0.94
|
|
Laboratory data
|
|
White blood cell count, /μL
|
9,490 [7,260 - 12,850]
|
9,430 [7,120 - 12,960]
|
9,540 [7,320 - 12,730]
|
0.72
|
|
Hemoglobin, g/dL
|
11.8 [10.5 - 13.1]
|
11.5 [10.4 - 12.8]
|
11.8 [10.6 - 13.2]
|
0.001
|
|
Platelet cell count, x104/μL
|
18.9 [14.7 - 24.2]
|
19.2 [14.9 - 24.4]
|
18.8 [14.7 - 24.1]
|
0.63
|
|
Total protein, g/dL
|
6.6 [6.1 - 7.0]
|
6.5 [6.1 - 7.0]
|
6.6 [6.1 - 7.0]
|
0.24
|
|
Albumin, g/dL
|
3.2 [2.8 - 3.6]
|
3.1 [2.8 - 3.5]
|
3.3 [2.9 - 3.6]
|
0.0008
|
|
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL
|
18.7 [13.8 - 26.5]
|
20.0 [14.7 - 27.6]
|
18.2 [13.5 - 25.7]
|
0.01
|
|
Creatinine, mg/dL
|
0.76 [0.57 - 1.06]
|
0.79 [0.57 - 1.10]
|
0.74 [0.57 - 1.03]
|
0.26
|
|
C-reactive protein, mg/dL
|
6.91 [2.66 - 12.79]
|
7.45 [2.69 - 13.25]
|
6.82 [2.65 - 12.55]
|
0.74
|
|
CURB65
| | | |
0.06
|
|
1
|
197 (18)
|
47 (15)
|
150 (20)
| |
|
2
|
461 (43)
|
132 (41)
|
329 (44)
| |
|
3
|
303 (29)
|
104 (32)
|
199 (27)
| |
|
4
|
102 (9.6)
|
38 (12)
|
64 (8.6)
| |
|
5
|
4 (0.4)
|
1 (0.3)
|
3 (0.4)
| |
|
Antibiotics
|
|
β-Lactamase inhibitors
|
703 (66)
|
233 (72)
|
470 (63)
|
0.003
|
|
Ampicillin/sulbactam
|
701 (66)
|
233 (72)
|
468 (63)
| |
|
Piperacillin/tazobactam
|
8 (0.8)
|
4 (1.2)
|
4 (0.5)
| |
|
Non β-Lactamase inhibitors
|
626 (59)
|
181 (56)
|
445 (60)
|
0.28
|
|
Ceftriaxone
|
390 (37)
|
107 (33)
|
283 (38)
| |
|
Meropenem
|
47 (4.4)
|
25 (7.8)
|
22 (3.0)
| |
|
Macrolides
|
101 (9.5)
|
25 (7.8)
|
76 (10)
| |
|
Clindamycin
|
35 (3.3)
|
17 (5.3)
|
18 (2.4)
| |
|
Levofloxacin
|
31 (2.9)
|
8 (2.4)
|
23 (3.1)
| |
|
Othersa
|
189 (18)
|
67 (21)
|
122 (21)
| |
|
Multiple antibiotics
|
714 (67)
|
223 (69)
|
491 (66)
|
0.29
|
|
Drugs
|
|
Proton pump inhibitors
|
508 (48)
|
171 (53)
|
337 (45)
|
0.02
|
|
Immunosuppressants
|
363 (34)
|
102 (32)
|
261 (35)
|
0.29
|
|
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
|
117 (11)
|
44 (14)
|
73 (9.8)
|
0.06
|
|
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
|
54 (5.1)
|
15 (4.7)
|
39 (5.2)
|
0.69
|
|
Calcium channel blockers
|
169 (16)
|
41 (13)
|
128 (17)
|
0.07
|
|
Beta-blockers
|
98 (9.2)
|
33 (10)
|
65 (8.7)
|
0.43
|
|
Psychotropics
|
207 (19)
|
72 (22)
|
135 (18)
|
0.11
|
|
Drugs for hyperuricemia
|
62 (5.8)
|
22 (6.8)
|
40 (5.4)
|
0.35
|
|
Sputum culture
|
954 (89)
|
289 (90)
|
665 (89)
|
0.81
|
|
Positive culture
|
146 (15)
|
33 (11)
|
113 (17)
|
0.03
|
|
Hospital course
|
|
AAD
|
322 (30)
| | | |
|
Duration until AAD, days
| |
6 [3 - 10]
| | |
|
Duration of AAD, days
| |
4 [2 - 8]
| | |
|
Length of hospital stay, days
|
13 [9 - 21]
|
17 [12 - 29]
|
11 [8 - 18]
|
<0.0001
|
|
Death
|
88 (8.2)
|
22 (6.8)
|
66 (8.9)
|
0.27
|
