Variable | All (n=1,067) | AAD (n=322) | non-AAD (n=745) | p values |
---|---|---|---|---|
no (%) or mean ± SD or median [IQR] | ||||
Age, year | 83 ± 8 | 85 ± 8 | 83 ± 8 | 0.0001 |
Male | 627 (59) | 180 (56) | 447 (60) | 0.21 |
Body weight, kg | 47.3 ± 11.3 | 45.8 ± 10.2 | 48.0 ± 11.7 | 0.005 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 20.0 ± 6.3 | 19.6 ± 3.8 | 20.0 ± 3.9 | 0.12 |
History of smoking | 468 (44) | 127 (39) | 341 (46) | 0.056 |
Alcohol habits | 236 (22) | 59 (18) | 177 (24) | 0.045 |
ADL | ||||
Ambulatory | 682 (64) | 184 (57) | 498 (67) | 0.003 |
Bedridden | 110 (10) | 35 (11) | 75 (10) | 0.69 |
Oral nutrition | 1,018 (95) | 304 (94) | 714 (96) | 0.31 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 297 (28) | 85 (26) | 212 (29) | 0.49 |
Hypertension | 536 (50) | 152 (47) | 384 (52) | 0.19 |
Cerebrovascular diseases | 322 (30) | 111 (35) | 211 (28) | 0.045 |
Ischemic heart diseases | 146 (14) | 44 (14) | 102 (14) | 0.99 |
Heart failure | 325 (31) | 114 (35) | 211 (28) | 0.021 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | 254 (24) | 64 (20) | 190 (26) | 0.048 |
Chronic kidney diseases | 64 (6.0) | 26 (8.1) | 38 (5.1) | 0.06 |
Dementia | 419 (39) | 142 (44) | 277 (37) | 0.03 |
Cancer | 253 (24) | 79 (25) | 174 (23) | 0.68 |
Vital signs | ||||
Body temperature, °C | 38.0 ± 0.9 | 38.0 ± 0.9 | 38.0 ± 0.9 | 0.54 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 150 ± 25 | 151 ± 25 | 150 ± 25 | 0.72 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 87 ± 17 | 87 ± 17 | 87 ± 18 | 0.84 |
Heart rate, /min | 103 ± 21 | 103 ± 22 | 102 ± 21 | 0.51 |
Respiratory rate, /min | 29 ± 7 | 29 ± 7 | 29 ± 7 | 0.94 |
Laboratory data | ||||
White blood cell count, /μL | 9,490 [7,260 - 12,850] | 9,430 [7,120 - 12,960] | 9,540 [7,320 - 12,730] | 0.72 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.8 [10.5 - 13.1] | 11.5 [10.4 - 12.8] | 11.8 [10.6 - 13.2] | 0.001 |
Platelet cell count, x104/μL | 18.9 [14.7 - 24.2] | 19.2 [14.9 - 24.4] | 18.8 [14.7 - 24.1] | 0.63 |
Total protein, g/dL | 6.6 [6.1 - 7.0] | 6.5 [6.1 - 7.0] | 6.6 [6.1 - 7.0] | 0.24 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.2 [2.8 - 3.6] | 3.1 [2.8 - 3.5] | 3.3 [2.9 - 3.6] | 0.0008 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 18.7 [13.8 - 26.5] | 20.0 [14.7 - 27.6] | 18.2 [13.5 - 25.7] | 0.01 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.76 [0.57 - 1.06] | 0.79 [0.57 - 1.10] | 0.74 [0.57 - 1.03] | 0.26 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 6.91 [2.66 - 12.79] | 7.45 [2.69 - 13.25] | 6.82 [2.65 - 12.55] | 0.74 |
CURB65 | 0.06 | |||
1 | 197 (18) | 47 (15) | 150 (20) | |
2 | 461 (43) | 132 (41) | 329 (44) | |
3 | 303 (29) | 104 (32) | 199 (27) | |
4 | 102 (9.6) | 38 (12) | 64 (8.6) | |
5 | 4 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | |
Antibiotics | ||||
β-Lactamase inhibitors | 703 (66) | 233 (72) | 470 (63) | 0.003 |
Ampicillin/sulbactam | 701 (66) | 233 (72) | 468 (63) | |
Piperacillin/tazobactam | 8 (0.8) | 4 (1.2) | 4 (0.5) | |
Non β-Lactamase inhibitors | 626 (59) | 181 (56) | 445 (60) | 0.28 |
Ceftriaxone | 390 (37) | 107 (33) | 283 (38) | |
Meropenem | 47 (4.4) | 25 (7.8) | 22 (3.0) | |
Macrolides | 101 (9.5) | 25 (7.8) | 76 (10) | |
Clindamycin | 35 (3.3) | 17 (5.3) | 18 (2.4) | |
Levofloxacin | 31 (2.9) | 8 (2.4) | 23 (3.1) | |
Othersa | 189 (18) | 67 (21) | 122 (21) | |
Multiple antibiotics | 714 (67) | 223 (69) | 491 (66) | 0.29 |
Drugs | ||||
Proton pump inhibitors | 508 (48) | 171 (53) | 337 (45) | 0.02 |
Immunosuppressants | 363 (34) | 102 (32) | 261 (35) | 0.29 |
Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 117 (11) | 44 (14) | 73 (9.8) | 0.06 |
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 54 (5.1) | 15 (4.7) | 39 (5.2) | 0.69 |
Calcium channel blockers | 169 (16) | 41 (13) | 128 (17) | 0.07 |
Beta-blockers | 98 (9.2) | 33 (10) | 65 (8.7) | 0.43 |
Psychotropics | 207 (19) | 72 (22) | 135 (18) | 0.11 |
Drugs for hyperuricemia | 62 (5.8) | 22 (6.8) | 40 (5.4) | 0.35 |
Sputum culture | 954 (89) | 289 (90) | 665 (89) | 0.81 |
Positive culture | 146 (15) | 33 (11) | 113 (17) | 0.03 |
Hospital course | ||||
AAD | 322 (30) | |||
Duration until AAD, days | 6 [3 - 10] | |||
Duration of AAD, days | 4 [2 - 8] | |||
Length of hospital stay, days | 13 [9 - 21] | 17 [12 - 29] | 11 [8 - 18] | <0.0001 |
Death | 88 (8.2) | 22 (6.8) | 66 (8.9) | 0.27 |