Clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Weighted pooled prevalence (WPP) of comorbidities, clinical features, severity of illness and outcome in older patients with COVID-19

Variable	Number of studies	Number of patients	WPP	95% CI	p-value for Cochran’s Q	I²	Egger’s test* (p-value)
Severity of illness
Severe	18	2049	0.50	0.36–0.65	0.00	95	< 0.001
Critical	14	5280	0.23	0.16–0.31	0.00	88	< 0.001
Outcomes
Discharged	14	6901	0.43	0.03–0.88	0.00	100	< 0.001
Dead	30	12,060	0.11	0.04–0.20	0.00	98	< 0.001
Comorbidities
≥ 1 comorbidity	12	1888	0.81	0.68–0.93	0.00	92	< 0.001
Hypertension	17	2245	0.48	0.36–0.60	0.00	92	< 0.001
Diabetes Mellitus	17	1804	0.22	0.13–0.32	0.00	86	0.004
Cardiovascular disease	13	1679	0.19	0.11–0.28	0.00	85	0.002
Hypothyroid	3	99	0.11	0.01–0.25	0.16	45	..
Neurological disease	9	871	0.09	0.06–0.13	0.02	55	..
Malignancy	12	1476	0.09	0.03–0.15	0.00	80	0.014
Chronic lung disease	14	1748	0.08	0.03–0.13	0.00	82	0.004
Cerebrovascular disease	9	814	0.08	0.06–0.11	0.23	24	..
Kidney disease	14	1591	0.05	0.01–0.09	0.00	77	0.066
Liver disease	11	1416	0.03	0.01–0.05	0.01	58	0.018
Autoimmune diseases	3	473	0.02	0.00–0.06	0.06	65	..
Clinical Features
Fever	11	782	0.83	0.66–0.97	0.00	91	< 0.001
Cough	11	782	0.60	0.50–0.70	0.00	71	< 0.001
Dry cough	4	432	0.56	0.43–0.69	0.08	56	..
Sputum production	8	654	0.28	0.17–0.39	0.00	70	..
Dyspnoea	11	782	0.42	0.19–0.67	0.00	94	0.020
Fatigue	9	691	0.33	0.16–0.52	0.00	88	..
Anorexia	3	470	0.31	0.01–0.67	0.00	96	..
Chest discomfort	5	500	0.26	0.01–0.57	0.00	93	..
Diarrhoea	6	575	0.18	0.02–0.39	0.00	91	..
Myalgia	9	746	0.15	0.01–0.33	0.00	93	..
Abdominal pain	4	219	0.11	0.02–0.22	0.00	80	..
Sore Throat	5	639	0.10	0.00–0.25	0.00	94	..
Headache	7	714	0.09	0.00–0.24	0.00	94	..
Nausea-Vomiting	4	543	0.08	0.00–0.23	0.00	93	..
Gastrointestinal symptoms	3	169	0.15	0.00–0.79	0.00	94	..

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