Table 5 Multinomial logistic regression of ZBI latent classes

Age

0.97

0.93

1.02

0.234

0.99

0.96

1.03

0.611

0.98

0.94

1.02

0.413

Gender

 Male

0.55

0.10

2.95

0.487

0.17

0.03

0.93

0.041

3.26

0.42

25.16

0.257

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ethnicity

 Chinese

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Malay

0.40

0.11

1.53

0.181

0.53

0.19

1.50

0.231

0.76

0.21

2.79

0.679

 Indian & others

2.79

0.69

11.18

0.149

0.64

0.17

2.52

0.527

4.32

0.96

19.43

0.056

Education level

 Secondary or below (include N/O level)

0.33

0.13

0.86

0.022

0.54

0.25

1.20

0.133

0.61

0.26

1.45

0.265

  A level, polytechnic and other diploma

0.33

0.12

0.93

0.036

0.76

0.35

1.67

0.495

0.44

0.17

1.14

0.089

 Degree or above

Ref

Ref

Ref

Marital status

 Single

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Married/divorced/widowed

0.57

0.23

1.43

0.228

0.63

0.30

1.33

0.224

0.91

0.40

2.04

0.809

Employment status

 Unemployed/retired/housewife

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Employed

0.62

0.26

1.45

0.268

0.81

0.39

1.67

0.571

0.76

0.34

1.70

0.504

Relationship to the PWD

 Spouse

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Son

0.56

0.08

3.92

0.560

4.32

0.69

27.09

0.118

0.13

0.01

1.22

0.074

 Daughter

0.61

0.12

3.02

0.543

0.85

0.23

3.23

0.813

0.71

0.16

3.29

0.666

 Others

0.14

0.02

0.99

0.049

0.52

0.12

2.26

0.381

0.27

0.04

1.83

0.180

Living arrangement

 Living withith PWD

0.70

0.26

1.89

0.478

1.10

0.51

2.37

0.816

0.64

0.24

1.67

0.357

 Living separately from PWD

Ref

Ref

Ref

Domestic helper

 Have

1.60

0.66

3.88

0.302

1.13

0.56

2.29

0.733

1.41

0.61

3.26

0.420

 Don’t have

Ref

Ref

Ref

Received formal support during past month

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

0.52

0.23

1.16

0.110

0.87

0.44

1.70

0.678

0.59

0.28

1.28

0.183

Self-rated health

 Fair or poor

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Good or excellent

0.35

0.16

0.78

0.010

0.83

0.43

1.60

0.580

0.42

0.20

0.90

0.025

Weekly caregiving hours

1.01

1.002

1.02

0.022

1.001

0.99

1.01

0.772

1.01

1.001

1.02

0.029

Caregiving duration (months)

1.00

0.99

1.01

0.597

0.9980

0.99

1.00

0.403

1.00

0.99

1.01

0.895

ADL

1.49

1.12

1.99

0.006

1.19

0.95

1.49

0.123

1.25

0.96

1.63

0.102

IADL

0.85

0.63

1.15

0.285

1.02

0.81

1.29

0.871

0.83

0.62

1.12

0.221

MBP

1.46

1.27

1.67

< 0.001

1.24

1.11

1.39

< 0.001

1.17

1.04

1.33

0.012