Table 2 Baseline characteristics of community-dwelling Chinese older adults with ADL disability by caregiver type

Age, years

90.1 ± 5.8

97.5 ± 5.7

97.7 ± 5.7

99.6 ± 4.8

97.3 ± 5.7

<.001

Female

40 (21.5)

1908 (75.2)

703 (78.2)

332 (81.8)

185 (72.6)

<.001

Urban residence

85 (45.7)

913 (36.0)

522 (58.1)

187 (46.1)

218 (85.5)

<.001

Education, years

1.9 ± 3.1

0.8 ± 2.1

1.0 ± 2.5

0.7 ± 2.1

2.7 ± 4.3

<.001

Financial independence

116 (62.4)

1947 (76.8)

684 (76.1)

312 (76.9)

204 (80.0)

<.001

Co-residence (vs. living alone)

184 (98.9)

2421 (95.5)

855 (95.1)

285 (94.8)

220 (86.3)

<.001

Living with children

81 (43.6)

2296 (89.7)

810 (90.2)

369 (91.1)

184 (72.2)

<.001

Hypertension

43 (23.1)

387 (15.3)

145 (16.1)

46 (11.3)

60 (23.5)

<.001

Diabetes

8 (4.3)

41 (1.6)

17 (1.9)

8 (2.0)

10 (3.9)

<.001

Heart disease

25 (13.4)

183 (7.2)

129 (14.4)

32 (7.9)

49 (19.2)

<.001

Cerebrovascular disease

40 (21.5)

217 (8.6)

76 (8.5)

29 (7.1)

327 (10.6)

<.001

Pulmonary disease

35 (18.8)

259 (10.2)

121 (13.5)

52 (12.8)

39 (15.3)

<.001

Cancer

3 (1.6)

9 (0.4)

7 (0.8)

3 (0.7)

1 (0.4)

<.001

Arthritis

41 (22.04)

463 (18.3)

166 (18.5)

100 (24.6)

69 (26.1)

<.001

Parkinson’s disease

4 (2.2)

21 (0.8)

8 (0.9)

2 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

<.001

Number of chronic diseases

1.1 (1.1)

0.6 (0.9)

0.7 (1.0)

0.7 (0.9)

1.0 (1.1)

<.001

Good/very good self-reported health

40 (21.5)

784 (30.9)

267 (29.7)

107 (26.4)

60 (23.5)

<.001

 Difficulty in 1 ADL

82 (44.1)

929 (36.6)

365 (40.6)

151 (37.2)

64 (25.1)

<.001

 Difficulty in 2 ADL

27 (14.5)

386 (15.2)

116 (12.9)

53 (13.0)

24 (9.4)

 Difficulty in 3+ ADL

73 (41.4)

1221 (48.2)

418 (46.5)

206 (49.8)

167 (65.5)

Cognitive impairment

78 (42.2)

1816 (71.8)

583 (64.9)

301 (74.3)

159 (62.4)

< 0.001