Total sample N = 4023 (%) | All regular BZD/Z-drug users N = 1113 (%) | BZD/Z-drug non-users N = 2910 (%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years mean ± SD | 83.5 ± 9.4 | 83.2 ± 9.4 | 83.7 ± 9.3 | 0.10 |
Age categories N (%) | ||||
≤ 65 years | 177 (4.0) | 51 (5.0) | 126 (4.7) | 0.267 |
66–74 years | 354 (9.6) | 108 (10.7) | 246 (9.1) | |
75–84 years | 1172 (31.7) | 330 (32.7) | 842 (31.3) | |
≥ 85 years | 1197 (54.0) | 521 (51.6) | 1476 (54.9) | |
Gender (female) | 2945 (73.2) | 822 (73.9) | 2123 (73.0) | 0.53 |
Number of medications mean ± SD | 7 ± 3.6 | 8.3 ± 3.3 | 6.5 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Number of medications categories | ||||
≤ 4 medications | 1044 (26.0) | 144 (12.9) | 900 (30.9) | < 0.001 |
5–9 medications | 2000 (49.7) | 581 (52.2) | 1419 (48.8) | |
≥ 10 medications | 979 (24.3) | 388 (34.9) | 591 (20.3) | |
CPS a | ||||
Mean ± SD | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 0.002 |
Median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | |
CPS categories N (%) | ||||
0–1 Cognition intact | 1116 (28.3) | 367 (33.5) | 796 (26.3) | < 0.001 |
2–6 Cognition impaired | 2831 (71.7) | 730 (66.5) | 2101 (73.7) | |
ADL Hierarchy scale b | ||||
Mean ± SD | 15.2 ± 9.5 | 14.2 ± 9.7 | 15.5 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 16.0 (7.0–24.0) | 15.0 (5.0–23.0) | 17.0 (7.0–24.0) | |
ADL Hierarchy scale Categories N (%) | ||||
0–1 Independent | 744 (18.5) | 254 (22.8) | 490 (16.9) | < 0.001 |
2–4 Assistance required | 1661 (41.4) | 445 (40.0) | 1216 (41.9) | |
5–6 Dependent | 1607 (40.0) | 413 (37.1) | 1194 (41.2) | |
PAIN scale c | ||||
Mean ± SD | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | |
PAIN scale categories N (%) | ||||
0 No pain | 2280 (61.2) | 550 (55.2) | 1730 (63.4) | < 0.001 |
1 Mild pain | 922 (24.8) | 281 (28.2) | 641 (23.5) | |
2 Moderate pain | 395 (9.8) | 110 (11.0) | 285 (10.5) | |
3 Severe pain | 109 (2.7) | 49 (4.9) | 60 (2.2) | |
4 Excruciating pain | 17 (0.4) | 6 (0.6) | 11 (0.4) | |
CAP Delirium d | ||||
Mean ± SD | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.18 |
Median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | |
Depression scale e | ||||
Mean ± SD | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 2.6 ± 2.9 | 1.9 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | |
Depression scale Categories N (%) | ||||
0 No clinical problems | 1645 (41.5) | 379 (34.5) | 1266 (44.3) | < 0.001 |
1–2 Changes in mood, but not clinically relevant depression | 1048 (26.5) | 284 (25.8) | 764 (26.7) | |
≥ 3 Clinically relevant depression | 1268 (32.0) | 437 (39.7) | 831 (29.0) | |
Communication scale f | ||||
Mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 2.9 | 2.6 ± 2.8 | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 0.05 |
Median (IQR) | 2.0 (0.0–6.0) | 2.0 (0.0–5.0) | 2.0 (0.0–6.0) | |
Communication scale Categories N (%) | ||||
0 Intact | 1736 (42.3) | 525 (47.6) | 1146 (40.0) | < 0.001 |
1–4 Mild to moderate | 1092 (26.6) | 279 (25.3) | 776 (27.1) | |
5–8 Moderate-severe to very severe | 1273 (30.6) | 299 (27.1) | 943 (32.9) |