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Table 1 Main characteristics of the whole study population and its subgroups by type of tea consumptiona

From: Type of tea consumption and depressive symptoms in ChineseĀ older adults

Variable/subgroups

Total sample

No tea

Green tea

Fermented tea

Floral tea

P valueb

Total sample, n

13,115

9220

1970

1156

769

Ā 

%

100.0

70.3

15.0

8.8

5.9

Ā 

CES-D-10

ā€ƒTotal score

10.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.7

10.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.6

9.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.8

9.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.8

9.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.8

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒā€‰ā‰„ā€‰10

7419 (56.6)

5454 (59.2)

1010 (51.3)

590 (51.0)

365 (47.5)

<ā€‰0.001

Age, years

83.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.2

84.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.3

81.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.7

81.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.0

82.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.1

<ā€‰0.001

Age group, years

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒ65ā€“79

5121 (39.1)

3319 (36.0)

924 (46.9)

537 (46.5)

341 (44.3)

Ā 

ā€ƒ80ā€“99

6301 (48.0)

4577 (49.6)

868 (44.1)

514 (44.5)

342 (44.5)

Ā 

ā€ƒā€‰ā‰„ā€‰100

1693 (12.9)

1324 (14.4)

178 (9.0)

105 (9.1)

86 (11.2)

Ā 

Women (%)

7102 (54.2)

5574 (60.5)

689 (35.0)

521 (45.1)

451 (41.4)

<ā€‰0.001

Education level, years

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒ0

7003 (53.4)

5487 (59.5)

686 (34.8)

511 (44.2)

319 (41.5)

Ā 

ā€ƒ1ā€“6

2643 (20.2)

1798 (19.5)

421 (21.4)

238 (20.6)

186 (24.2)

Ā 

ā€ƒ7+

3469 (26.5)

1935 (21.0)

863 (43.8)

407 (35.2)

364 (34.3)

Ā 

Rural residence, %

5782 (44.1)

4335 (47.0)

726 (36.9)

446 (38.6)

275 (35.8)

<ā€‰0.001

Socioeconomic status c

āˆ’0.17ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.00

0.08ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.87

āˆ’0.31ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.35

āˆ’ā€‰0.16ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.01

āˆ’0.24ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.10

<ā€‰0.001

Married and living with a spouse, %

5676 (43.3)

3604 (39.1)

1092 (55.4)

597 (51.6)

386 (49.8)

<ā€‰0.001

Living arrangement %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒWith household members

10,504 (80.1)

7287 (79.0)

1647 (83.6)

926 (80.1)

644 (83.8)

Ā 

ā€ƒAlone

2178 (16.6)

1620 (17.6)

268 (13.6)

191 (16.5)

99 (12.9)

Ā 

ā€ƒInstitution

433 (3.3)

313 (3.4)

55 (2.8)

39 (3.4)

26 (3.4)

Ā 

Social and leisure activity index

3.90ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.76

3.53ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.63

4.91ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.90

4.64ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.82

4.55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.86

<ā€‰0.001

Self-rated health excellent or good, %

6317 (48.2)

4307 (46.7)

1019 (51.7)

596 (51.6)

395 (51.4)

<ā€‰0.001

Current or former Smoker, %

4045 (30.8)

2312 (25.1)

922 (46.8)

470 (40.7)

341 (44.3)

<ā€‰0.001

Current alcohol drinker, %

1985 (15.1)

1124 (12.2)

482 (24.5)

944 (18.3)

167 (21.7)

<ā€‰0.001

BMI

22.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.2

22.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.2

22.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.9

22.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.2

23.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.3

0.108

Regular vegetable consumption, %

11,827 (90.2)

8245 (89.4)

1819 (92.3)

1069 (92.5)

694 (90.2)

<ā€‰0.001

Regular fruit consumption, %

6104 (46.5)

4041 (43.8)

1038 (52.7)

620 (53.6)

405 (52.7)

<ā€‰0.001

Regular fish intake, %

6301 (48.6)

4064 (44.6)

1197 (61.5)

665 (57.8)

375 (49.4)

<ā€‰0.001

Regular nut intake, %

2539 (19.6)

1510 (16.6)

521 (26.8)

252 (21.9)

256 (33.8)

<ā€‰0.001

Regularly physical activity, %

9651 (73.6)

6945 (75.3)

1336 (67.8)

842 (72.8)

528 (68.7)

<ā€‰0.001

Cognitive impairment, %

3300 (25.2)

2556 (27.7)

338 (17.2)

269 (23.3)

137 (17.8)

<ā€‰0.001

ADL functional disability, %

2974 (22.7)

2214 (24.0)

346 (17.6)

210 (18.2)

204 (26.5)

Ā 

Medical illness, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒChronic inflammatory disorders d

5714 (43.6)

3900 (42.3)

915 (46.5)

528 (45.7)

371 (48.2)

Ā 

ā€ƒOther disorders

4607 (35.1)

3295 (35.7)

650 (33.0)

408 (35.3)

254 (33.0)

Ā 

ā€ƒNone

2794 (21.3)

2025 (22.0)

405 (20.6)

220 (19.0)

144 (18.7)

Ā 

Comorbidity e, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒYes

606 (4.6)

376 (4.1)

124 (6.3)

49 (4.2)

57 (7.4)

Ā 

ā€ƒNo

12,509 (95.4)

8844 (95.9)

1846 (93.7)

1107 (95.8)

712 (92.6)

Ā 

Geographical region f, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNorthern China

3157

1969 (62.4)

506 (16.0)

301 (9.5)

381 (12.1)

Ā 

ā€ƒEastern China

2842

1933 (68.0)

607 (21.4)

258 (9.1)

44 (1.5)

Ā 

ā€ƒCentral China

2967

2307 (77.8)

435 (14.7)

173 (5.8)

52 (1.8)

Ā 

ā€ƒSouthwestern China

4149

3011 (72.6)

422 (10.2)

424 (10.2)

292 (7.0)

Ā 
  1. a The percentages in the parentheses are unweighted and refer to those within each type of tea. CES-D-10 10-item of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, BMI body mass index, ADL activity of daily living
  2. b Based on chi-square test (n, %) or ANOVA (meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD)
  3. c Based the first factor score of PCA from four variables (occupation, economic conditions, family income and expense)
  4. d Chronic inflammatory disorder was determined as having at least one condition of cardiovascular diseases/stroke, diabetes, asthma/COPD, arthritis, cholecystitis, nephritis, hepatitis, and gastric or duodenal ulcer
  5. e Comorbidity was determined as comorbid 5 or more in 14 medical illnesses consisting of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart disease, stroke, pneumonia (asthma/COPD), cataract or glaucoma, rheumatism, cancer, arthritis, cholecystitis, nephritis, hepatitis, and gastric or duodenal ulcer
  6. f Geographical regions were considered on the basis of residential address to account for tea consumption habits and dietary differences in China: Northern China (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang), Eastern China (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian), Central China (Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan), and Southwestern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Hainan)