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Table 3 Results of multi-group analysis

From: Caregiving burnout of community-dwelling people with dementia in Hong Kong and New Zealand: a cross-sectional study

 

Not using allied health services

Using allied health services

HK

NZ

HK

NZ

AOR (95CI)

AOR (95CI)

AOR (95CI)

AOR (95CI)

Demographic Information of care-recipient

 Female

1.01 (0.87, 1.16)

0.87 (0.78, 0.98)*

0.46 (0.16, 1.34)

0.90 (0.70, 1.17)

 Age

  65–74

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  75–84

1.10 (0.90, 1.33)

1.02 (0.88, 1.18)

0.63 (0.17, 2.32)

0.88 (0.61, 1.28)

  85+

1.23 (1.00, 1.51)*

1.04 (0.88, 1.22)

0.51 (0.12, 2.22)

0.83 (0.57, 1.23)

 Marital Status

  Never married/Widowed/Separated/Divorced/Other

0.89 (0.72, 1.09)

1.05 (0.82, 1.33)

1.23 (0.25, 6.07)

0.59 (0.32, 1.09)

  Married/Civil Union/Defacto

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Living arrangement

  Alone

Ref***

Ref

Ref

Ref

  With spouse/partner only

0.88 (0.61, 1.28)

1.41 (1.06, 1.88)*

0.10 (0.01, 1.73)

1.19 (0.57, 2.49)

  With spouse/partner and others

0.73 (0.51, 1.04)

1.16 (0.87, 1.55)

0.13 (0.01, 1.93)

1.60 (0.78, 3.28)

  With child

0.60 (0.47, 0.78)***

1.06 (0.78, 1.43)

0.07 (0.01, 0.54)*

0.56 (0.27, 1.19)

 Perceived to be better-off living elsewhere

2.74 (2.38, 3.15)***

5.83 (5.19, 6.56)***

3.90 (1.36, 11.15)*

4.68 (3.41, 6.42)***

Health and functional status of care-recipient

 Stay in hospital within 7 days

1.05 (0.87, 1.28)

0.84 (0.73, 0.97)*

0.06 (0.01, 0.45)**

0.86 (0.56, 1.35)

 Hearing

  Adequate

Ref***

Ref*

Ref

Ref

  Minimal difficulty

0.81 (0.70, 0.92)**

0.93 (0.82, 1.06)

0.87 (0.31, 2.46)

0.94 (0.70, 1.26)

  Moderate to severe difficulty

1.15 (0.97, 1.37)

1.15 (1.00, 1.33)*

1.22 (0.29, 5.22)

0.99 (0.73, 1.36)

 Vision

  Adequate

Ref***

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Minimal difficulty

1.01 (0.88, 1.16)

1.01 (0.88, 1.15)

0.39 (0.14, 1.09)

0.94 (0.71, 1.26)

  Moderate to severe difficulty

0.67 (0.53, 0.85)***

1.11 (0.92, 1.33)

0.96 (0.25, 3.73)

0.69 (0.46, 1.05)

 3+ IADL items with difficulties

1.98 (0.89, 4.39)

1.20 (0.84, 1.71)

NA

0.59 (0.12, 2.89)

 ADL Hierarchy Scale

  Independent

Ref

Ref***

Ref

Ref

  Supervision

1.01 (0.86, 1.18)

1.44 (1.25, 1.65)***

1.14 (0.26, 4.97)

1.10 (0.71, 1.69)

  Limited to Total dependence

1.09 (0.93, 1.27)

1.35 (1.17, 1.56)***

1.86 (0.49, 7.09)

0.91 (0.59, 1.39)

 Fall in last 90 days

1.05 (0.92, 1.19)

1.11 (0.99, 1.24)

1.47 (0.57, 3.75)

1.05 (0.82, 1.36)

 Behavioral problems in past 3 days

1.59 (1.40, 1.81)***

1.56 (1.38, 1.76)***

2.33 (0.75, 7.23)

1.35 (1.04, 1.77)*

 Mood problem in past 3 days

1.53 (1.31, 1.80)***

1.89 (1.65, 2.15)***

1.64 (0.43, 6.28)

1.18 (0.85, 1.64)

 Comorbidity

  Dementia only

Ref***

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Stroke & Dementia

0.70 (0.53, 0.93)*

0.83 (0.68, 1.02)

0.30 (0.03, 3.66)

1.00 (0.69, 1.45)

  CVD & Dementia

0.94 (0.80, 1.11)

1.05 (0.93, 1.18)

0.74 (0.21, 2.66)

0.93 (0.70, 1.25)

  CVD, Stroke & Dementia

0.76 (0.64, 0.91)**

0.92 (0.74, 1.13)

0.64 (0.17, 2.39)

1.10 (0.73, 1.68)

Caregiver characteristics

 Primary caregiver relationship with care-recipient

  Child or child-in-law

1.58 (1.32, 1.90)***

1.15 (0.91, 1.44)

0.64 (0.17, 2.36)

1.34 (0.84, 2.14)

  Spouse/Partner/significant other

3.22 (2.54, 4.07)***

1.32 (0.96, 1.81)

2.55 (0.61, 10.62)

2.57 (1.22, 5.41)*

  Parent/guardian/Sibling/Other relative or whanau/friends

Ref***

Ref

Ref

Ref*

 Primary caregiver lives with care-recipient

0.92 (0.77, 1.10)

1.57 (1.21, 2.05)***

0.87 (0.19, 3.95)

2.33 (1.24, 4.38)**

 Primary caregiver provides IADL care

1.19 (0.82, 1.74)

0.83 (0.69, 1.00)*

3.82 (0.26, 57.02)

0.84 (0.62, 1.13)

 Primary caregiver provides ADL care

3.02 (2.47, 3.69)***

1.24 (1.08, 1.41)**

0.57 (0.12, 2.80)

1.00 (0.73, 1.38)

 Primary caregiver provides more than 21 h of care in 7 days

1.52 (1.31, 1.77)***

1.34 (1.18, 1.52)***

2.46 (0.80, 7.63)

1.22 (0.85, 1.75)

  1. ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living
  2. P-value of interaction value is denoted as *: < 0.05; **:< 0.01; ***:< 0.001