| HK (n = 9796) | NZ (n = 16,725) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
Outcome: Caregiver burnout *** | 1523 (15.5) | N/A | 2322 (13.9) | N/A |
 Caregiver feeling distress | 3937 (40.2) | N/A | 5265 (31.5) | N/A |
 Caregiver unable to continue to care | 4926 (50.3) | N/A | 4187 (25.1) | N/A |
Demographic Information of care-recipient | ||||
 Female | 5899 (60.2) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.81) | 9564 (57.2) | 0.71 (0.65, 0.78) |
 Age | ||||
  65–74 | 1148 (11.7) | Ref | 2764 (16.5) | Ref |
  75–84 | 4436 (45.3) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.15) | 7713 (46.1) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) |
  85+ | 4212 (43.0) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 6248 (37.4) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) |
 Marital Status | ||||
  Never married/widowed/separated/divorced/other | 5798 (59.2) | 1.69 (1.51, 1.88) | 7999 (47.8) | 1.78 (1.62, 1.95) |
  Married/civil union/defacto | 3998 (40.8) | Ref | 8721 (52.1) | Ref |
 Living arrangement *** | ||||
  Alone | 624 (6.4) | Ref | 5526 (33.0) | Ref |
  With spouse/partner only | 888 (9.1) | 1.91 (1.48, 2.47) | 7419 (44.4) | 2.15 (1.93, 2.40) |
  With spouse/partner and others | 1521 (15.5) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.65) | 1500 (9.0) | 1.73 (1.46, 2.05) |
  With child or others | 6763 (69.0) | 0.73 (0.58, 0.92) | 2280 (13.6) | 1.48 (1.27, 1.72) |
 Perceived to be better-off living elsewhere *** | 6262 (63.9) | 2.32 (2.04, 2.64) | 4994 (29.9) | 1.63 (1.48, 1.79) |
Ethnicity | ||||
 Chinese | N/A | N/A | 218 (1.3) | 1.16 (0.80, 1.68) |
 Asian other than Chinese | N/A | N/A | 212 (1.3) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.31) |
 European | N/A | N/A | 14,322 (85.6) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
 Maori | N/A | N/A | 1077 (6.4) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) |
 Middle Eastern/Latin American/African | N/A | N/A | 84 (0.5) | 1.03 (0.56, 1.91) |
 Pacific peoples | N/A | N/A | 687 (4.1) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) |
 Others | N/A | N/A | 118 (0.7) | 1.34 (0.84, 2.16) |
Language use | ||||
 Cantonese/ Mandarin/ Other Chinese dialect | 9732 (99.3) | Ref | N/A | N/A |
 English | 14 (0.1) | 0.90 (0.20, 4.04) | N/A | N/A |
 Other dialect | 50 (0.5) | 0.60 (0.24, 1.52) | N/A | N/A |
Health and functional status of care-recipient | ||||
 Stay in hospital within 7 days *** | 1102 (11.2) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 4474 (26.8) | 1.63 (1.48, 1.79) |
 Hearing* | ||||
  Adequate | 3890 (39.7) | Ref | 8815 (52.7) | Ref |
  Minimal difficulty | 4229 (43.2) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) | 4499 (26.9) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) |
  Moderate to severe difficulty | 1677 (17.1) | 1.09 (0.994, 1.27) | 3407 (20.4) | 1.35 (1.21, 1.51) |
 Vision *** | ||||
  Adequate | 2932 (29.9) | Ref | 12,155 (72.7) | Ref |
  Minimal difficulty | 5743 (58.6) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 3261 (19.5) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.33) |
  Moderate to severe difficulty | 1121 (11.4) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.91) | 1305 (7.8) | 1.41 (1.21, 1.64) |
 3+ IADL items with difficulties | 9672 (98.7) | 3.11 (1.56, 7.36) | 15,901 (95.1) | 3.29 (2.39, 4.53) |
 ADL Hierarchy Scale *** | ||||
  Independent | 3723 (38.0) | Ref | 7392 (44.2) | Ref |
  Supervision | 2163 (22.1) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.14) | 4115 (24.6) | 2.28 (2.03, 2.56) |
  Limited to total dependence | 3910 (39.9) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 5217 (31.2) | 2.63 (2.36, 2.93) |
 Fall in last 90 days | 3029 (30.9) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) | 6356 (38.0) | 1.38 (1.26, 1.50) |
 Behavioral problems in past 3 days *** | 2317 (23.7) | 1.90 (1.68, 2.13) | 3162 (18.9) | 2.61 (2.37, 2.87) |
 Mood problem in past 3 days *** | 1304 (13.4) | 1.74 (1.51, 2.00) | 2117 (12.7) | 2.51 (2.25, 2.80) |
 Comorbidity | ||||
  Dementia only | 1715 (17.5) | Ref | 10,008 (59.8) | Ref |
  Stroke & dementia | 637 (6.5) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.92) | 1337 (8.0) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) |
  CVD & dementia | 4272 (43.6) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 4274 (25.6) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) |
  CVD, stroke & dementia | 3172 (32.4) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | 1106 (6.6) | 1.21 (1.02, 1.44) |
Caregiver characteristics | ||||
 Primary caregiver relationship with care-recipient | ||||
  Child or child-in-law | 5503 (56.2) | 1.27 (1.08, 1.50) | 7420 (44.4) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) |
  Spouse/partner/significant other | 2303 (23.5) | 2.92 (2.46, 3.46) | 7653 (45.8) | 2.07 (1.73, 2.46) |
  Parent/guardian/sibling/other relative or whanau/friends | 1990 (20.3) | Ref | 1652 (9.9) | Ref |
 Primary caregiver lives with care-recipient *** | 4629 (47.3) | 1.50 (2.35, 1.68) | 10,691 (63.9) | 1.99 (1.79, 2.20) |
 Primary caregiver provides IADL care *** | 9171 (93.6) | 2.98 (2.17, 4.23) | 14,535 (86.9) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) |
 Primary caregiver provides ADL care | 7440 (75.9) | 3.22 (2.72, 3.85) | 7979 (47.7) | 1.64 (1.50, 1.79) |
 Primary caregiver provides more than 21 h of care in a week | 2504 (25.6) | 1.65 (1.47, 1.85) | 7192 (43.0) | 1.44 (1.32, 1.57) |
Formal care services utilization of care-recipient | ||||
 Home services*** | 166 (1.7) | 2.60 (1.86, 3.61) | 4157 (24.9) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) |
 Visiting nurse* | 600 (6.1) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.69) | 963 (5.8) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) |
 Allied-health services *** | 407 (4.2) | 0.45 (0.31, 0.64) | 2074 (12.4) | 1.50 (1.33, 1.69) |
 Hospital services ** | 5753 (58.7) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | 5934 (35.5) | 1.37 (1.25, 1.50) |