Table 3 A systematic review of the factors affecting older adults’ women with urinary incontinence

S.A. Eshkoor 2017 [27]

Malaysia

Case-control

Blood Triglycerides

0.015

Albumin

0.026

HDL

0.029

Monounsaturated fat

0.009

Cataract-glaucoma

0.051

Tiredness

0.039

Constipation

<  0.001

Gastric-Ulcer Problem

<  0.001

Vision-hearing loss

0.010

Joint pain

0.002

Shi LU et al. 2016 [65]

China

Cross-sectional

Age

0.041

BMI

0.027

Menstrual status

0.036

Mode of delivery

0.007

Heart disease

0.02

Dyslipidemia

0.038

Arthritis

0.003

Gynecological disease

< 0.001

Chronic pelvic pain

< 0.001

Atrophic vaginitis

< 0.001

Constipation

< 0.001

Fecal incontinence

< 0.001

Ralf Suhr et al. 2017 [25]

Germany

Cross-sectional

Musculoskeletal disease

0.002

Stroke

0.035

Cancer

0.003

Dementia

< 0.001

Live with barriers

0.129

Living alone

0.143

BMI

0.01

Age

0.06

Female sex

0.007

Respiratory

0.158

Diabetes

0.798

Cardiovascular

0.002

Psychiatric

0.927

Pedersen et al. 2017 [58]

Germany and Denmark

Analytical descriptive

Age

< 0.001

BMI

0.001

Diabetes

0.007

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

0.002

Vaginal deliveries

< 0.001

Ma_gfiret Kaşıkçı et al. 2015 [36]

Turkey

Cross-sectional

BMI

< 0.001

Smoking

0. 047

Constipation

< 0.001

Urinary tract infection

< 0.001

Chronic diseases

< 0.001

Familiar history

< 0.001

Complaint of chronic coughing

0. 530

Hormone replacement

< 0.001

Genital prolapse

< 0.001

Cystocele

< 0.001

Urogenital operation

< 0.001

Nocturia

< 0.001

Kyungjin Sohn et al. 2018 [26]

Korea

Longitudinal Study

Age

< 0.001

Education

< 0.001

Marital status

0.043

Chronic lung disease

0.034

Cerebrovascular disease ΙΙ

0.002

Social activity

0.007

Arthritis

< 0.001

Difficulty in daily living due to visual problems

< 0.001

Difficulty in daily living due to hearing problems

< 0.001

Experience of fall in the last 2 years

0.017

Psychiatric disease

0.008

Fear of falling

< 0.001

Psychiatric disease

0.008

Samreen Khan et al. 2017 [30]

India

Cross-sectional

Years spent in menopause

0.002

parity

0.001

Hysterectomy

0.006

UTI

< 0.001

Pelvic organ prolapse

0.031

Sanae Ninomiya et al. 2017 [59]

Japan

Cross-sectional

Age

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

parity

0.009

Mode of delivery

< 0.001

Constipation

0.01

Larissa Pruner Marques et al 2015 [23]

Brazil

Cross-sectional

Gender

< 0.001

Age

< 0.001

Education

< 0.001

Physical activity

< 0.001

Dependence

< 0.001

Cognitive deficiency

< 0.001

Depressive symptoms

< 0.001

Diabetes

< 0.001

Bronchitis or asthma

< 0.001

Hypertension

< 0.001

Cardiovascular

< 0.001

Stroke

< 0.001

Nutritional state

0.017

Polypharmacy

< 0.001

Self-rated health

< 0.001

E. Moudi et al. 2017 [34]

Iran

Cross-sectional

Marital status

0.03

Constipation

0.01

Steroid drug

0.04

David V. Espino et al. 2003 [36]

Mexico

Cross-sectional

Education

0.03

BMI

0.03

Diabetes

0.01

Smoking

< 0.001

Impaired activities of daily living

0.03

Age

0.02

Stefania Maggi et al. 2001 [37]

Italy

Cross-sectional

Age

< 0.001

Marital status

< 0.001

Education

< 0.001

Mental Health

< 0.001

Depression

0.028

Mobility disability

< 0.001

ADL disability

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

Smoking

< 0.001

Self-rated health

< 0.001

Marit Helen Ebbesen et al. 2013 [60]

Norway

Cross-sectional

Age

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

Self-perceived health status

< 0.001

Smoking

0.009

Alcohol

0.016

Parity

< 0.001

Diabetes

0.029

Angina

0.021

Heart attack

0.047

Stroke

0.032

Clemens Wehrberger et al. 2012 [68]

Austria

longitudinal, population-based study

Alzheimer

0.073

Jeongok Park et al. 2015 [66]

Korea

Analytical descriptive

Age

< 0.001

BMI

0.02

Place of residence

0.003

Self-reported health status

< 0.001

Hypertension

< 0.001

Stroke

< 0.001

Diabetes

< 0.001

Asthma

< 0.001

Depress

< 0.001

Falls

< 0.001

Functional ability

< 0.001

Physical strength

< 0.001

Jing Ge et al. 2015 [39]

China

Analytical descriptive

Age

< 0.001

Job

< 0.001

Education

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

Income/month

0.014

Smoking

0.023

Physical exercise frequency

< 0.001

Menstrual status

< 0.001

Pregnancy history

< 0.001

Abortion times

< 0.001

Parity

< 0.001

Age at first delivery

< 0.001

Mode of delivery

< 0.001

Chronic pelvic pain

< 0.001

Respiratory disease

< 0.001

Digestive disease

< 0.001

Cardiovascular

< 0.001

Neurologic disease

0.003

Osteoarticular disease

< 0.001

Hyperlipemia

< 0.001

Diabetes

< 0.001

History of pelvic surgery

< 0.001

Gynecological disease

< 0.001

Constipation

< 0.001

Fecal incontinence

< 0.001

Juliana Schulze Burti et 2012 [40]

Brazil

Cross-sectional

Diabetes

0.022

hypertension

0.008

Joshua A. Cohn et al. 2018 [61]

USA

Cohort

Age

< 0.001

Education

0.034

Vatche A. Minassian et al. 2020 [62]

USA

Cohort

Age

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

Parity

< 0.001

Smoking

< 0.001

Physical activity

< 0.001

Diabetes

< 0.001

History of vascular disease

< 0.001

Postmenopausal hormone use

< 0.001

Baseline UI severity

< 0.001

MáyraCeciliaDellú et al. 2016 [63]

Brazil

Cross-sectional

Pregnancy

< 0.001

Post-partum

< 0.001

Genital prolapse

< 0.001

Stress

< 0.001

Depression

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

Javier Jerez-Roig et al. 2016 [46]

Brazil

Cross-sectional

Ethnicity

0.005

Stroke

0.003

Physical activity

0.03

Ramazan Altintas et al. 2013 [67]

Turkey

Retrospective study

Age

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

Parity

< 0.001

hypertension

0.008

Diabetes

< 0.001

Birth trauma

< 0.001

Gynecological surgery

< 0.001

Nazli Sensoy et al. 2013 [48]

Turkey

Cross-sectional

Age

< 0.001

Marital status

< 0.001

Education

< 0.001

Job

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

Number of Deliveries

< 0.001

Episiotomy

< 0.001

Abortion

< 0.001

Age at first delivery

< 0.001

4 kg baby delivered

< 0.001

J. Marleen Linde et al. 2017 [49]

Netherlands

Cross-sectional

Age

< 0.001

BMI

< 0.001

UTI

< 0.001

Nocturia

0.04

Fecal incontinence

0.004

Constipation

< 0.001

Diabetes

< 0.001

Vaginal hysterectomy

< 0.001

Childbirth history

< 0.001

Number of deliveries

< 0.001

Bo Liu et al. 2014 [52]

China

Cross-sectional

BMI

< 0.001

Monthly Income

< 0.001

Education

< 0.001

Residence

< 0.001

Physical activity

< 0.001

Labor

< 0.001

Physical activity

< 0.001

Hyperlipemia

< 0.001

Cardiovascular

< 0.001

Nervous System Disease

< 0.001

Diabetes

< 0.001

Nocturia

< 0.001

Constipation

< 0.001

Alcohol

< 0.001

Smoking

< 0.001

Prolonged Labor

< 0.001

Chronic pelvic pain

< 0.001

Marital status

< 0.001

Respiratory disease

< 0.001

Pregnancy

< 0.001

UTI

< 0.001

Mode of delivery

< 0.001

Walaa W. Aly et al. 2020 [50]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

Praying

< 0.001

Social activities

< 0.001

Physical recreational activities

0.002

Anxiety

< 0.001

Depression/hopelessness

< 0.001