Table 2 Changes in Indicators of Social and Economic Quality of Life between Baseline and First Follow-up

Brief Lubben Social Network Scale (0–30)

Mean

12.93

14.53***

.00

Dichotomous Brief Lubben Social Network <=12 Scale (34)

% Isolated

50.76

38.61***

.00

 How many relatives do you see or hear from at least once a month?

% > =3

75.00

87.84***

.00

 How many relatives do you feel at ease with that you can talk about private matters?

% > =3

49.51

50.20

.79

 How many relatives do you feel close to such that you could call on them for help?

% > =3

49.72

56.52**

.00

 How many friends do you see or hear from at least once a month?

% > =3

42.06

58.71***

.00

 How many friends do you feel at ease with that you can talk about private matters?

% > =3

24.47

22.36

.34

 How many friends do you feel close to such that you could call on them for help?

% > =3

23.88

30.72**

.00

UCLA-3 Loneliness Scale (0–6)

Mean

1.06

1.11

.49

Dichotomous UCLA-3 Loneliness Scale <=3 (36)

% Alone

43.31

47.75*

.04

 How often do you feel that you lack companionship?

% Some of the time/often

37.04

42.31*

.04

 How often do you feel left out?

% Some of the time/often

21.45

19.97

.48

 How often do you feel isolated from others?

% Some of the time/often

21.14

20.31

.69

Live alone

% Alone

21.67

16.64*

.01

Live with children

% Yes

43.07

50.90**

.00

Live with grandchildren

% Yes

24.89

31.94**

.00

Smartphone

% User

45.90

54.78***

.00

Working

% Working

28.11

22.53*

.01

Income

% Not sufficient

34.10

29.34

.05