Table 1 Changes in Indicators of Physical and Mental Health between Baseline and First Follow-up

Health

% Bad/ regular

55.49

54.58

.72

Health symptoms Scale (0–13)

Mean

2.82

2.96

.15

 Back pain, knees, hips, or other joint pains

% Yes

63.09

64.77

.50

 Choking when walking or chest pain

% Yes

16.48

17.05

.76

 Persistent cough or shortness of breath

% Yes

14.26

11.65

.14

 Headache

% Yes

34.91

29.26*

.02

 Memory problems

% Yes

27.06

38.19***

.00

 Swollen legs

% Yes

33.70

20.80***

.00

 Fall or fracture

% Yes

10.05

3.74***

.00

 Dizziness or fainting

% Yes

16.64

12.48*

.02

 Stomach or bowel problems including constipation, gas, and diarrhea

% Yes

21.44

33.47***

.00

 Incontinence or involuntary loss of urine

% Yes

12.98

21.52***

.00

 Feeling down

% Yes

34.50

44.58***

.00

 Alcohol abuse

% Yes

3.32

9.84***

.00

 Illicit drug use

% Yes

5.68

10.81***

.00

PHQ-9 for depressive symptoms (0–27)

Mean

4.25

5.05***

.00

Dichotomous PHQ-9 > =7 (30)

% suspicious depression

23.80

30.18**

.00

 Little interest or pleasure in doing things

% More than half the days

9.84

14.42**

.00

 Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless

% More than half the days

14.97

20.38**

.00

 Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much

% More than half the days

17.19

28.71***

.00

 Feeling tired or having little energy

% More than half the days

18.16

20.24

.31

 Poor appetite or overeating

% More than half the days

10.81

16.08**

.00

 Feeling bad about yourself — or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down

% More than half the days

7.90

9.29

.34

 Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television

% More than half the days

7.21

7.48

.84

 Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or the opposite — being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual

% More than half the days

3.74

8.59***

.00

 Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way

% More than half the days

3.46

1.94

.07

Geriatric Anxiety Inventory GAI-SF (0–5)

Mean

2.04

2.26**

.00

Dichotomous GAI-SF > =3 (31)

% with anxiety

40.00

42.85

.27

 I worry a lot of the time

% Yes

44.10

47.71

.16

 Little things bother me a lot

% Yes

24.82

28.57

.10

 I think of myself as a worrier

% Yes

51.17

64.07***

.00

 I often feel nervous

% Yes

43.55

46.18

.31

 My own thoughts often make me anxious

% Yes

36.06

39.80

.14

Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) (0–16)

Mean

11.11

13.26***

.00

 I look for creative ways to alter difficult situations

% Describes very well

14.93

55.38***

.00

 Regardless of what happens to me, I believe I can control my reaction to it

% Describes very well

18.15

55.64***

.00

 I believe that I can grow in positive ways by dealing with difficult situations

% Describes very well

19.57

60.60***

.00

 I actively look for ways to replace the losses I encounter in life

% Describes very well

17.57

58.30***

.00