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Table 2 The baseline attributes of the participants with no fall, occasional and recurrent falls

From: Incidence and multidimensional predictors of occasional and recurrent falls among Malaysian community‐dwelling older persons

Parameters

Non-fallers (n = 1454) [Prevalence (%) or mean ± SD]

Occasional fallers (n = 224) [Prevalence (%) or mean ± SD]

P-value

Recurrent fallers (n = 85) [Prevalence (%) or mean ± SD]

P-value

Age (years)

68.62 ± 5.94

68.80 ± 6.13

0.668

68.65 ±6.07

0.967

Sex

 Male

751 (51.65)

89 (39.73)

0.001*

27 (31.76)

<0.001*

 Female

703 (48.35)

135 (60.27)

 

58 (68.24)

 

Ethnicity

 Malay

879 (60.45)

146 (65.18)

0.119

58 (68.24)

0.218

 Chinese

509 (35.01)

64 (28.57)

 

22 (25.88)

 

 Indian

66 (4.54)

14 (6.25)

 

5 (5.88)

 

Single

18 (1.24)

7 (3.13)

0.030*

1 (1.18)

0.960

Living alone

138 (9.49)

22 (9.82)

0.875

15 (17.65)

0.015*

Smoking

251 (17.26)

34 (15.18)

0.439

10 (11.76)

0.189

Alcohol consumption

66 (4.54)

7 (3.13)

0.334

2 (2.35)

0.340

Education (years)

5.38 ± 4.03

4.88 ± 3.79

0.083

4.54 ± 4.04

0.063

Falls history

222 (15.27)

68 (30.36)

<0.001*

36 (42.35)

<0.001*

Chronic diseases

 Hypertension

714 (49.11)

116 (51.79)

0.455

46 (54.12)

0.369

 Diabetes mellitus

363 (24.97)

57 (25.45)

0.877

24 (28.24)

0.499

 Stroke

22 (1.51)

3 (1.34)

0.842

4 (4.71)

0.026*

 Joint Pain

337 (23.18)

64 (28.57)

0.078

31 (36.47)

0.005*

 Cardiovascular diseases

147 (10.11)

21 (9.38)

0.733

7 (8.24)

0.576

 Cataract & glaucoma

127 (8.73)

27 (12.05)

0.109

7 (8.24)

0.874

 Asthma

111 (7.63)

18 (8.04)

0.834

10 (11.76)

0.169

 Gout

68 (4.68)

7 (3.13)

0.295

5 (5.88)

0.611

 Gastric ulcer

178 (12.24)

34 (15.18)

0.218

15 (17.65)

0.144

 Urinary Incontinence

143 (9.83)

26 (11.61)

0.412

11 (12.94)

0.354

 Hearing & vision problems

173 (11.90)

23 (10.27)

0.479

15 (17.65)

0.116

Psychosocial

 Depression

2.54 ± 2.19

2.95 ± 2.42

0.012*

3.35 ± 2.63

0.007*

Physical

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.95 ± 4.41

25.11 ± 4.83

0.606

25.68 ± 5.07

0.140

 Circumference: waist (cm)

88.21 ± 11.20

88.08 ± 11.97

0.870

89.88 ± 12.62

0.239

 Circumference: hip (cm)

96.54 ± 9.18

96.95 ± 10.37

0.575

98.46 ± 11.61

0.139

 Circumference: calf (cm)

33.55 ± 3.75

33.12 ± 3.85

0.114

33.41 ± 4.08

0.744

 Fat mass (kg)

24.19 ± 9.09

24.47 ± 9.67

0.680

26.32 ± 10.16

0.038*

 Fat free mass (kg)

37.16 ± 7.89

35.64 ± 7.07

0.004*

35.17 ± 7.90

0.025*

 Skeletal muscle mass (kg)

19.75 ± 4.71

18.82 ± 4.21

0.003*

18.51 ± 4.70

0.019*

 Percentage of body fat (%)

38.68 ± 10.38

39.69 ± 10.20

0.178

41.89 ± 10.26

0.006*

 Systolic (mmHg)

140.70 ± 22.40

141.13 ± 20.34

0.795

138.81 ±  23.46

0.471

 Diastolic (mmHg)

77.26 ± 13.44

76.87 ± 12.96

0.689

77.31 ± 12.88

0.975

Nutrition

 Energy (kcal/day)

1,658.03 ± 485.42

1,583.99 ± 436.79

0.037*

1,625.96 ± 509.31

0.560

 Protein (g/day)

70.85 ± 22.10

68.75 ± 23.29

0.201

69.36 ± 22.77

0.550

 Carbohydrate (g/day)

224.76 ± 77.79

209.95 ± 67.82

0.004*

218.05 ± 81.67

0.447

 Sugar (g/day)

21.51 ± 15.12

20.42 ±14.94

0.331

18.51 ± 12.94

0.077

 Fat (g/day)

52.87 ± 20.69

51.79 ± 20.36

0.477

53.13 ± 20.72

0.912

 Cholesterol (mg/day)

158.51 ± 113.21

162.88 ± 122.33

0.606

172.06 ± 130.20

0.294

 Saturated fat (mg/day)

8.39 ± 5.73

8.20 ± 6.14

0.681

9.05±6.10

0.307

 MUFA (g/day)

8.32 ± 5.02

8.44 ± 5.65

0.750

8.71 ± 5.73

0.498

 PUFA (g/day)

5.44 ± 3.43

5.49 ± 3.67

0.834

5.40 ± 3.22

0.916

 Vitamin D (mg/day)

0.35 ± 2.50

0.27 ± 0.97

0.682

0.34 ± 1.05

0.990

 Vitamin E (mg/day)

12.04 ± 62.58

14.77 ± 71.91

0.563

4.33 ± 2.40

0.262

 α-tocopherol (mg/day)

0.45 ± 1.17

0.51 ± 1.45

0.506

0.54 ± 1.22

0.495

 Sodium (mg/day)

1,466.23 ± 979.55

1,401.85 ± 1068.97

0.545

1,466.36 ± 799.12

0.854

 Potassium (mg/day)

1,510.35 ± 552.18

1,443.59 ± 522.91

0.099

1,402.60 ± 534.01

0.083

 Calcium (mg/day)

520.70 ± 248.06

501.46 ± 242.21

0.292

473.34 ± 212.43

0.089

 Iron (mg/day)

13.51 ± 5.41

12.96 ± 4.84

0.160

13.26 ± 6.10

0.681

 Phosphorus (mg/day)

1,094.54 ± 418.46

1,081.38 ± 425.24

0.671

1,067.02 ± 389.09

0.559

 Magnesium (mg/day)

131.86 ± 64.94

128.51 ± 68.80

0.489

123.00 ± 63.66

0.227

 Zinc (mg/day)

3.63 ± 1.99

3.38 ± 1.60

0.047*

3.40 ± 1.65

0.310

 Selenium (μg/day)

23.98 ± 18.23

22.47 ± 17.17

0.260

23.88 ± 16.95

0.961

Biochemical

 Hemoglobin (g/L)

14.20 ± 2.30

13.64 ± 1.85

<0.001*

13.42 ± 2.13

0.008*

 Glucose (mmol/L)

6.19 ± 2.28

5.95 ± 1.69

0.096

6.18 ± 2.00

0.987

 Cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.41 ± 1.12

5.47 ± 1.09

0.532

5.54 ± 1.05

0.359

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.40 ± 0.34

1.41 ± 0.39

0.726

1.47 ± 0.46

0.121

 LDL (mmol/L)

3.34 ± 1.03

3.36 ± 0.95

0.806

3.42 ± 0.98

0.523

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.50 ± 0.76

1.55 ± 0.76

0.513

1.45 ± 0.63

0.598

 Albumin (g/L)

42.93 ± 2.77

42.86 ± 2.75

0.736

42.42 ± 2.90

0.158

Cognitive Test

 Digit Span

7.62 ± 2.42

7.46 ± 2.37

0.346

7.43 ± 2.40

0.479

 MMSE

23.32 ± 4.64

22.62 ± 4.82

0.037*

22.77 ± 5.16

0.299

 MoCA

19.23 ± 5.57

18.35 ± 5.82

0.031*

18.56 ± 5.88

0.294

 Digit Symbol

5.14 ± 2.59

4.73 ± 2.50

0.038*

4.55 ± 2.29

0.059

Physical performance

 2-minute step test (number)

62.44 ± 25.45

60.70 ± 24.96

0.350

56.31 ± 32.72

0.104

 Chair stand test (number)

10.05 ± 2.98

9.60 ± 3.28

0.039*

8.83 ± 3.07

<0.001*

 Timed Up and Go test (seconds)

11.33 ± 3.56

11.62 ± 3.49

0.258

12.84 ± 5.28

0.013*

 Dominant handgrip muscle strength test (kg)

22.59 ± 7.66

20.82 ± 7.27

0.002*

19.57 ± 6.69

0.001*

  1. Note: BMI Body mass index, HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, MMSE Mini-mental state examination, MoCA Montreal cognitive assessment, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids. *Significant differences as compared to non-fallers (p<0.05)