Characteristic | All n (%) | Non-caregiver n (%) | Low-intensity caregiver n (%) | High-intensity caregiver n (%) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 2661 | 1660 (62.38) | 566 (21.27) | 435 (16.35) | Â |
Socioeconomic status | |||||
Educational attainment |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Illiteracy | 638 (23.98) | 435 (26.20) | 129 (22.79) | 74 (17.01) |  |
 Primary school degree | 510 (19.17) | 343 (20.66) | 91 (16.08) | 76 (17.47) |  |
 Junior school degree | 864 (32.47) | 542 (32.65) | 190 (33.57) | 132 (30.34) |  |
 High school degree | 370 (13.90) | 199 (11.99) | 91 (16.08) | 80 (18.39) |  |
 University or above | 279 (10.48) | 141 (8.49) | 65 (11.48) | 73 (16.78) |  |
Hukou status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Rural | 1561 (58.66) | 1041 (62.71) | 303 (53.53) | 217 (49.89) |  |
 Urban | 1100 (41.34) | 619 (37.29) | 263 (46.47) | 218 (50.11) |  |
Inflation-adjusted total annual household income, mean | 37,733.288 (49,881.883) | 34,228.794 (39,162.028) | 39,384.547 (46,397.966) | 48,195.006 (80,188.047) | < 0.001 |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.026 |
 Unemployed | 642 (25.72) | 396 (25.47) | 121 (22.79) | 125 (30.49) |  |
 Employed | 1854 (74.28) | 1159 (74.53) | 410 (77.21) | 285 (69.51) |  |
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Age, mean (SD) | 41.09 (7.03) | 40.75 (7.24) | 41.94 (6.41) | 41.28 (6.89) | 0.002 |
Number of siblings | 2.95 (1.66) | 2.89 (1.71) | 2.98 (1.63) | 3.14 (1.51) | 0.017 |
Number of care recipient | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 1 | 1937 (72.79) | 1244 (74.94) | 411 (72.61) | 282 (64.83) |  |
 2 | 527 (19.80) | 301 (18.13) | 113 (19.96) | 113 (25.98) |  |
 3 | 126 (4.74) | 69 (4.16) | 30 (5.30) | 27 (6.21) |  |
 4 | 71 (2.67) | 46 (2.77) | 12 (2.12) | 13 (2.99) |  |
Average care intensity (total care hours / parent numbers) | 4.57 (13.42) | 0 | 3.34 (2.20) | 23.59 (25.55) | < 0.001 |
Age of care recipient | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 <50 | 51 (1.92) | 44 (2.65) | 5 (0.88) | 2 (0.46) |  |
  ≥ 50 | 2610 (98.08) | 1616 (97.35) | 561 (99.12) | 433 (99.54) |  |
Wave, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 1993 | 258 (9.70) | 183 (11.02) | 52 (9.19) | 23 (5.29) |  |
 1997 | 288 (10.82) | 196 (11.81) | 56 (9.89) | 36 (8.28) |  |
 2000 | 345 (12.97) | 226 (13.61) | 72 (12.72) | 47 (10.80) |  |
 2004 | 411 (15.45) | 269 (16.20) | 82 (14.49) | 60 (13.79) |  |
 2006 | 343 (12.89) | 229 (13.80) | 56 (9.89) | 58 (13.33) |  |
 2009 | 274 (10.30) | 164 (9.88) | 60 (10.60) | 50 (11.49) |  |
 2011 | 365 (13.72) | 201 (12.11) | 90 (15.90) | 74 (17.01) |  |
 2015 | 377 (14.17) | 192 (11.57) | 98 (17.31) | 87 (20.00) |  |